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Henry VII 1485-1509 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Peace with James IV following his support of Warbeck
      - Signed with Scotland
    - - Truce of Ayton extended
      - Marriage of Margaret (H daughter) to James IV finalised- took place in 1503
      - Signed with Scotland- peace with James IV
    - - Reduced trade restrictions between 2 countries
      - French to give £159,000 pension to remove all troops from French soil
      - Signed with Framce
    - - Philip recognised as King of Castille- Philip will marry sister Margaret (regent of Netherlands) to H7
      - Promise of mutual defence
      - Signed with Burgundy
    - - Henry would go to war against France with spain to recover lost territories with England
      - Arhtur would marry Catherine of Aragon but Ferdinand had to send forces to Granada
      - Signed with Spain
    - - Unfair treaty to Burgundians- special privileges granted to British ships in Burgundy
      - Signed with Burgundy
    - - H agreed to send 600 troops to Breton defence for independence from France
      - Anne of Brittany would pay for these Eng troops and not form alliances without consent of H7
      - Signed with Brittany
  - - - Duchess of Burgundy- Margaret- yorkist
      - made relations with england tense during henry's reign
      - Major trading partner of England
    - - loose federation between Kingdom of Castille and Kingdom of Aragon
      - Regarded friendship with Spain as vital counterbalance to french power in Europe
      - death of Isabella meant succession crisis- ferdinand in conflict with H over who he would support to take overall control of spain
    - - Maximilian I emperor 1493
      - Ports important for trade-Antwerp
      - Huge area of central Europe under control
    - - no separate Irish state
      - title of Lord of Ireland granted by Pope to King of Eng in 12th century
      - battle for control of ireland ongoing through reigns of all tudors
    - - calais controlled by eng
      - Charles VIII king- succeeded by Louis XII 1498
      - had been england's rival in middle ages
    - - worked close with France as part of Auld Alliance which was explicitly anti English
      - King James IV- married Margaret,Henry's daughter later in reign
      - Only country eng shared a border- where cross border lawlessness way of life
- - - - Wardship- king took control of estate until minor of age, marriage could profit form arranged ones, livery money for someone to recover land from wardship and relief- money from land when inherited by others
      - Katherine Dowager Duchess of Buckingham fined £7,000 for marrying without king's license
      - asserted own right as king- sent out commissions to look into his rights in wardship, marriage, livery and relief
    - - Estimated crown land 5 times larger by end of his reign
      - Wanted to bring as much land into hands of crown- more he had the more power
    - - 1485lords+commons had to swear not retain illegally
      - 1504proclamations said nobles had to have license to retain- obtained from King in person
      - important in war of roses- seen as threat to H's security- tried to limit it but not eradicate altogether
      - 1504 act introduced a fine of £5 per month per illegal retainer
      - nobles recruited gentry as followers- used as fighting forces
    - - Became more severe- in reign 36/62 gave bond/recognisance to Henry- had been just 1 during Yorkist rule
      - Recognisances acknowledgment of debt with agreement to pay money if not resolved
      - Bonds- Written agreements to pay sum of money if they failed to carry out their promise
    - - were reversible if they had good behaviour-
      - Ed IV passed 140 and reversed 42 whereas H7 passed 138 and reversed 46
      - led to family losing right to possess land- economic and social ruin for family
  - - - people with legal background
      - helped with important decisions- lawyers well educated
      - 240 people- only 6/7 in regular attendance at meetings
      - advised king matters of state- administer law+order- act in judicial capacity
    - - Nobles- John De Vere, Jasper Tudor
      - New men- chief advisers and servants from ranks of lesser landowners, gentry or professional classes- Reginald Bray, Edmund Dudley- weren't noble
      - clerics largest group- john morton, richard fox- their education+legal expertise ideal for administrators
      - Clerics, nobles and new men
    - - Position powerful and of considerable trust
      - access to king main determinant of power= through royal court that access was controlled
      - Lord Chamberlain and senior household officers influential courtiers
      - looked after king, courtiers and guests- supervised by Lord Steward
    - - also used as Court of Appeals
      - not used much- controlled unruly subjects by financial means- more developed under Wolsey
      - royal council- H's favoured advisers made these judgements
      - Created 1487- responsible for prosecuting rebellious or lawless people
      - received petitions involving property rights, public corruption, trade+ gov administration and disputes from land enclosure
    - - Earl of Surrey replaced him- other areas Earl of Oxford and Lord Daubeney- Courtenays in Devon
      - restored law+order with bonds and recognisance
      - magnate control in North- controlled by Stanleys+ earl of northumberland northeast+yorkshire until death 1489
      - ED IV had spheres of influence each controlled by magnate but no. of magnates had reduced in WoR so H had less
      - balanced so influential nobles couldn't become powerful enough to challenge King's authority
      - JPs local gentry- appointed county by county- routine admin e.g tax assessments, investigating complaints against local officials and maintained law+order
      - countryside Justices of Peace- met 4 times year to administer justice- county to county- also relied on members of nobility
      - JPs superseded traditional authority of county sheriff
    - - H didn't need to ask for war taxes, avoid expensive campaigns abroad, didn't wanna strain loyalty of subjects, didn't feel need to initiate legislation on large scale
      - Only called 7 times
      - rarely summoned by H
      - business of kingdom, legislation took place, granted war taxes and grants of money
    - - Council of Wales and the Marshes headed by Jasper Tudor- appointed Welshmen to key positions
      - Council of Ireland- Edward Poynings as deputy
      - council of the North (yorkshire, northern england) headed by Earl of Derby
      - meant power of crown+gov felt around country- H dependent on goodwill of officer- only threat was their removal
      - councils in each region to govern- headed by educated people- appointed by H
      - Sheriffs+JPs became crown representative in every county- more responsibility for management of parliamentary elections
    - - central administrative body- acted as court dealt with grievances that required direct judgement of King
      - 40/50 people- attendance at meetings lower
      - usually nobility or from church, lawyers+royal household officers
      - group of advisers chosen by king
    - - kept up to date wardship marriage- relief of king's tenants- collected feudal dues
      - protected interest as owner of all crown lands and receive feudal dues
      - 1495- defend king's position as feudal landlord- Empson and Dudley
      - feared and hated- after H death leaders arrested for fraud and executed
    - - Act of livery and maintenance- Court of General Surveyor audited the revenues coming in from the crown lands
      - 227 councillors during H reign- 150 at a time
      - advised H in matters of state- administered law and order- acted in judicial capacity
      - John Morton Lord Chancellor 14 years
  - - - Key councillors had supported him before BoB
      - Included Bray, Daubeney, Guildford and Riselly
      - sign of King's confidence- emphasis on loyalty to trusted servants
    - - first rewarded those who supported at and before BoB e.g Jasper Tudor made Duke of Bedford
      - giving positions of power to nobles- came as result of good,loyal service
    - - significant honour reserved for King's closest servants
      - created 37 Knights of the Garter, including Reginald Bray
- - - - edge of battle many fled only 10,000 faced King's army of 25,000
      - encounter with Daubeney at Guildford rebels marched south- H gathered forces at Henley- joined by Daubeney
      - Appealed to range of individuals from different classes
      - H planned counter attack, sent archers round back of rebels- wanted quick victory- daubeney gained debtford bridge but taken prisoner- but released him
      - Marched across eng to present grievances to gov-at Wells gained support of Lord Audley- nobleman accepted as leader
      - rebels ill armed and ill led without horse+ artillery were cut to pieces and put into flight- king entered city over london bridge- received by mayor with cheer
      - Led by Flamank and Joseph- cornish gentry joined and Somerset clergy+gentry aided rebels
    - - H cancelled order to exhibit bodies throguhout cornwall as feared country still eager to promote revolution
      - Fined those involved with systematic severity
      - many rebels died on field- Audley executed- Flamank and Joseph hung, drawn and quartered
      - Took £15,000 from Cornish+devonians- more from counties the rebels passed through easily on way to London during rebellion
    - - taxes raised where saw no immediate threat from Scot- for Cornish problem seemed far too remote
      - 1492 £56,311 paid in taxation parliamentary grants exceeded £31,000
      - H wanted army to deal with Warbeck who had been welcomed in Scot
      - In 1 subsidy+2 fifteenth and tenth parliament granted £120,000- more than paid any other year of reign
      - cornish didn't like eng gov- felt should be treated differently
      - Cornish encouraged to revolt by Flamank- guided rebels anger against evil advisers Morton and Bray
  - - - Unnerved rebels who dispersed as advance guard under earl of surrey arrived at york
      - many nobility in horror of assassination of northumberland as abandoned by retinue- exposed due to king's orders for him to collect the new levy
      - growing armed crowds under Egremont galvanised king into raise large army to match north
      - Northumberland heard from Cleveland about protest- marched to meet them- assassinated- only person killed in rising
    - - Egremont fled to Flanders
      - Henry travelled north to pardon some rebels- failed to collect all of tax from Brittany campaign but faced no more issues from north
      - had spent formative years in brittany+france so unfamiliar with compromises and structures of eng gov
      - H established new council for north- Earl of Surrey great success in binding north to Tudor dynasty
    - - felt anger due to church privilege- 1489 act on benefit of clergy- member of clergy without documentation branded M (manslayer) or T (thief)
      - Also could be anger at increasing infringement of northern sanctuaries to round up political opponents
      - new levy granted by Parl to enable intervention on behalf of Brittany against french crown
      - April 1489 from effort of Earl of northumberland to collect subsidy for the year
  - - - Lovell tried to raise rebellion in Yorkshire- Stafford in Midlands
      - Little enthusiasm for rebellion
    - - Lovell escaped- Stafford caught+executed
      - easily suppressed
    - - attempt to takeover H as King by yorkist group who prospered under Richard III