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GENDER, Introduction to Sociolinguistic - by Miriam Meyehoft - Coggle…

- - - - changes in the way sociolinguistcs go about gathering and analysing their data
        
        "In other words, sex is something you have, and it can be defined in terms of objective, scientific criteria – that is, the number of X chromosomes a person has. Gender, on the other hand, is a social property: something acquired or constructed through your relationships with others and through an individual’s adherence to certain cultural norms and proscriptions." p. 202
      - changes in the way people think about indentities
- - - - direct index
        
        "Direct indexing means that a word has a semantic feature [+female] or [+male] as part of its basic meaning" pg. 203
        
        generates
        
        conventional implicature: powerful meaning conextion whithin sentences. "an implication that is part of the word itself" p. 234
        
        My brother cut herself may sound ungrammatical "because the [+ female] feature associated with the pronoun herself cancels out the [+ male] feature associared with brother" pg. 203
        
        ≠
        
        "conversational implicatures
        (i.e., implications that arise from how the word is used)" p. 234
        
        "very few things in language are exclusive markers of either the speaker, the assressee's or the referent's gender" p. 248
  - - - indexing is a relationship of identification which, linguistically, means an identification within the sentence semantic
        
        Elinor Ochs
      - They are generally associated with several other social meanings.
        
        In Japenese ze indexes a stance of assertiveness and wa, hesitancy. "Because the overt expression of assertiveness is conventionally seen as a masculine trait in Japanese society and the overt expression of hesitancy is conventionally seen as a feminine trait, the linguistic forms ze and wa indirectly index male and female gender respectively." p. 223
- - - - individual subjectivity exclusion
        
        ≠
      - biology on the control of people's way to talk and behave
    - - "it deals with cases where speakers are consciously aware of a change in progress, and the incoming variant is positively evaluated in the community" p. 208
        
        women use the standard more than men
        
        "men are evaluated more on what they do and women on how they appear." p. 208
        
        there are other variants that may affect those scenarios
        
        accessing education
        
        participating in public life
        
        working
        
        "it is not the fact of being male or female that causes a speaker to be more or less associated with one set of variants; rather, it is the social role(s) we play and the social networks we enter into as women or men that result in the gendered distribution of linguistic variants." p. 220
    - - more fixed variables that tend to cause bad impression in society
    - - "These are variables where there is little or no clear evidence of style-shifting" p. 214
        
        women seem to lead men in the use of the incoming, non-standard variant
- - - - Judith Butler
        
        "[...] some speech acts actually do something, [...] When you say ‘I promise’, that is a performative: the saying does the promising. [...] gendered identities emerging through iterations of acts endorsed as gendered within our society." p. 225
        
        illocutionary force
        
        gender as "part of the larger social matrix" p. 227
        
        individuals may actively shape ther social identities depending on the context
        
        language is no more the focus, but a complementary data to understand society 's complexity
        
        power
        
        class
        
        hierarchy
        
        they're "strategic resources for expressing semantic information" p. 229
      - Erving Goffman
        
        "gender (and other social roles) as emerging from our repeated engagement in different activities through which roles like gender took on their meaning." p. 225
        
        laminated
        
        a metaphor to characterize social meaning, which can be understood both in a particurlarly way and together. this second way is when it becomes stronger
      - Mary Bucholtz
      - Natalie Schilling-Estes
      - Sara Trechter