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My Heart Skipped a Beat, conductive system, myocardial ap, pacemaker ap,…

- - - - Rhythm
      - Sequence of conduction
      - Rate
      - Origin of conduction
  - - - Can be
        
        Supraventricular
        
        Include
        
        Atrial
        
        Include
        
        atrial fibrillation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Focal atrial tachycardia
        
        Atrial flutter
        
        1 more item...
        
        Multifocal atrial tachycardia
        
        Paroxysmal SVT
        
        Include
        
        AVRT
        
        1 more item...
        
        AVNRT
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sinus
        
        Ventricular
        
        Such as
        
        Fibrillation
        
        Tachycardia
        
        Polymorphic
        
        Monomorphic
    - - Such as
        
        Heart block ( 1,2,3)
        
        Sinus bradycardia
  - - - Through
        
        Medical history
        
        Ask about
        
        Eating and physical activity habits
        
        Family history
        
        Other risk factors for arrhythmia
        
        Physical examination
        
        Check for
        
        Swelling
        
        Heart murmurs
        
        Pulse
        
        ECGs
        
        Such as
        
        Holter Monitor
        
        Which is
        
        A portable ECG device records your heart rhythm for a 24- to 48-hour period of time
        
        X-ray
  - - - Include
        
        Lifestyle habits
        
        Family history and genetics
        
        Gender
        
        Environment
        
        Surgery
        
        Age
  - - - Include
        
        Chest pain
        
        Difficulty breathing
        
        Fatigue
        
        Palpitations
        
        Slow/fast or irregular heartbeat or noticed pauses between heartbeats
- - - - Generated in
        
        Non-nodal cells
      - Includes 5 phases
        
        Phase 4
        
        Phase 0
        
        Phase 1
        
        Phase 2
        
        Phase 3
    - - Generated in
        
        Nodal cells
      - Include 3 phases
        
        Phase 4
        
        Phase 0
        
        Phase 3
- - - - Class IV
        
        Which are
        
        Ca2+ channel blockers
        
        Function through
        
        Slowing Phase 0 (depolarization) and increasing the refractory period
        
        Leading to
        
        1 more item...
        
        Target
        
        Autorhythmic cells
        
        Such as
        
        Verapamil
        
        diltiazem
        
        Can lead to
        
        AV blocks or asystole in higher doses or compromised patients
      - Class V
        
        Has
        
        Various mechanism
        
        Such as
        
        Adenosine
        
        Functions through
        
        Less automaticity and conduction in AV nodes. Therefore, longer refractory period
        
        Magnesium sulphate
        
        Functions by
        
        Affects ions transportation and slows impulse generation at the SA node and myocardial conduction
        
        Digoxin
        
        Functions through
        
        Inhibiting Na+/K+ ATPase
        
        Leading to
        
        1 more item...
        
        Can lead to
        
        Ventricular tachycardia/Fibrillation at toxic concentrations
        
        Ranolazine
        
        Has
        
        Therapeutic properties similar to Amiodarone and a MOA similar to Mexiletine
        
        Atropine
        
        Functions through
        
        Being an anti-cholinergic agent that increases heart rate and treats AV blocks
      - Class II
        
        Which are
        
        Beta -Adrenergic Antagonists
        
        Function through
        
        Diminishing phase 4 depolarization
        
        Leading to
        
        2 more items...
        
        Target
        
        Autorhythmic cells
        
        Such as
        
        Propranolol
        
        Esmolol
        
        Metoprolol
      - Class I
        
        Which are
        
        Voltage-gated Na+ channel blockers
        
        Include
        
        Class Ic
        
        Functions through
        
        1 more item...
        
        Such as
        
        2 more items...
        
        Class Ia
        
        Functions through
        
        1 more item...
        
        Such as
        
        3 more items...
        
        Class Ib
        
        Functions through
        
        1 more item...
        
        Such as
        
        2 more items...
        
        Target
        
        Contractile cells
      - Class III
        
        Which are
        
        K+ Channel Blockers
        
        Function through
        
        Prolong Phase 3 (repolarization). Therefore, increasing the duration of the action potential
        
        Target
        
        Contractile cells
        
        Such as
        
        Sotalol
        
        Dofetilide
        
        Dronedarone
        
        Ibutilide
        
        Amiodarone
  - - - They take
        
        Acutely
        
        Ventricular rate deacresing drugs
        
        Such as
        
        Beta-blockers
        
        Digoxin
        
        Ca2+ channel blockers
        
        Anti-coagulants
        
        Such as
        
        Heparin
        
        Warfarin
        
        Anti-arrhythmic drugs after they are stabilized
        
        Diuretics
        
        To
        
        Prevent edema caused by reduced preload
- - - - during
        
        pregnancy and menstrual cycle
    - - like
        
        Thyroid disease
        
        Anemia
        
        Hypotension
  - - - caused by
        
        Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
        
        happens when
        
        calcium crystals in the inner ear moves outside
        
        leading to
        
        feeling dizzy when changing the position of the head
        
        Meniere's disease
        
        which is
        
        accumulation of fluid in the inner ears
        
        Arrhythmia
        
        Hypotension
        
        Atherosclerosis
- - - - Arrhythmia
      - Myocardial infarction
      - Cardiomyopathy
    - - Pulmonary embolism
      - Hyponatremia
      - Stroke
- - - - prevalence of a-fib: 37,574 million cases
        
        increased also by 33% during the last 20 years
    - - stroke
      - heart failure
      - blood clot
      - sudden cardiac arrest
  - - - like
        
        Cognitive impairment and dementia
- - - - by using convolutional neural network that would automatically interpret, report and computer aid diagnose depending on the patient's ECG
  - - - small battery powered device placed in the chest to detect and stop arrhythmia
    - - Traditional: placed in chest and wires attach to heart
      - Subcutaneous: under the skin to the side of the chest below the armpit
  - - - devices that can measure HR therefore can detect heart rhythm abnormalities
  - - - Implantable Device that prevent the heart from beating too slow
    - - Dual chamber pacemaker. carries electrical impulses to the right ventricle and atrium
      - Biventricular pacemaker: send electrical signals to the lower heart chambers
      - single chamber pacemaker: carries electrical impulses to the right ventricle
    - - consists of pulse generator and electrodes
  - - - devices that clinicians can use to monitor a patient's condition outside of hospital/ clinic setting
    - - scale
      - glucometer
      - BP cuff
      - Eko DUO ECG + stethoscope