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Anti-Biotic Resistance - Coggle Diagram
Anti-Biotic Resistance
Demographic
Focusing on underdeveloped countries, the control of antibiotics may be less
Comparing the impact of anti-biotic resitance on children vs adults
short term usage vs long term usuage
Is there a certain age that antibiotics should be prescribed on?
Does gender and the immune system affect how antibiotics affect our bodies?
How to control antibiotic resistance
Exploring the effectiveness of solutions and
to what extent
they are actually useful
By preventing any drug resistant infections
This can be done by "immunization, safe food preparation, handwashing, and using antibiotics as directed and only when necessary"
https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/4-2013-508.pdf
approximately 30% of antibiotic prescriptions are unnecessary
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3799537/
limit intake of drug
modify the drug target
Inactivating the drug, to stop further spread of resistance
The future of Antibiotics
Over-use of antibiotics leads to increasingly drug-resistant bacteria, contributing to their ability to evolve and adapt more quickly than scientists are able to create new antibiotics to combat them.
Replacing the use of antibiotics with
phage therapy,
which is the use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections.
phages can be bactericidal
Are equally effective towards antiobiotic resistamt and antibiotic sensitive bacteria
"By 2050, 10 million people could die each year from diseases that have grown resistant to drugs."
https://www.ucaoa.org/About-UCA/Industry-News/ArtMID/10309/ArticleID/1036/Our-antibiotics-are-becoming-useless
Sceintists are not able to make new antibiotics fast enough to combat the bacteria evolving to resist
Impact of Antibiotic Resistance
On the Effectiveness of other medicine
those who get sick are not able to recover due to the medicine not working on their microbial/ bacterial infection
Effectiveness of medicine decreases, so more money has to be put into research and priduction of new medicine
The economic impact
Thus, the economic burden created by antibiotic resistance in the USA is estimated at US$55bn, with US$20 billion in health services costs and US$35 billion in lost productivity per year
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213716519301341
The Health Impact
Antibiotic resistance leads to higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality.
Leads to decreased ability to treat infections in people animals and plants
Means that there will be an increase in human illnesses and death.
Also results in increased cost of treatment
Causes of Antibiotic resistance
"The three fundamental mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are (1) enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drugs, (2) alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial targets, and (3) changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2025137/
Mainly due to the excessive use and exposure of antibiotics.
use of antibiotics kills majority of the bacteria but the ones that survive can survive, evolve and multiply.