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GEORGRAPHY - Coggle Diagram
GEORGRAPHY
7 KEY CONCEPTS OF GEOGRAPHY
Change - the Earth is constantly changing, it can be fast or slow, or the effect of a natural or manmade cause, they can happen on any level from regional to global, positive or negative
Environment - living and non living things, as well as elements, that make up the area. can be physical or cultural
Interconnections - all environments, living and non-living things are connected. Links between people and places effect the environment and the way we live.
Scale - concept of scale is used to guide geologists. things that effect Earth can happen at any scale; local, regional, national, international or global.
Place - parts of the Earths surface identified and given meaning by people, can be cultural or manmade, and of any size
Sustainability - ongoing capacity of the Earth to maintain all life. this means developing ways to ensure the Earths resources are being used responsibly so they can be maintained for future generations
Space - the way things are arranged on the Earths surface (location, organisation, spacial distribution)
MAPPING
direction
used on a map to find where a point or place is compared to another
4 main directions north, south, east, west.
on a compass, the needle always points north
lattitude and longitude
longitude
lines go up and down
international date line, prime meridian
lattitude
lines that go side to side
equator, arctic circle, Antarctic circle, tropic of cancer, tropic of capricorn
boltss
legend
title
orientation
scale
Boarder
source
contour lines
imaginary lines on drawn on ordinate survey maps connecting points pf equal elevation
used to illustrate the lay of the land in maps
show height of the ground above mean sea level
spacing between contour lines is called elevation
change in elevation from one contour line to another is always the same within a map
landforms - hills, spur, valley, plateau, ridge, saddle
illustrate relief
types of maps
topographical - lots of detail, large scale, shows environment, accurate representation of the Earth's surface, features can be cultural, physical, relief, vegetation, hydrography
HUMAN WELLBEING
overall measure of health and quality of life of a group of people, varies significantly on the place and population of which its measured
poor regions
survival
clean water
shelter
safety
clothing
rich regions
health
income
education
happiness
status
7 KEY CONCEPTS OF HUMAN WELLBEING
fertility rate - total number of children expected to be born to a woman in her life
adult literacy rate - proportion of adults who can read and write
infant mortality rate - measure of how many children out of 1000 die under the age of 1
health and disease - ability of a country to treat and control the spread of disease
sanitation - provision of facilities and services for safe management of human excretion, e.g. access to clean and safe toilet
life expectancy - how long a person can expect to live and is calculated based on the average of a population
wellbeing indicator - measured in GPD (gross domestic product)
CHANGES TO THE LAND
3/4 of the earths forests are gone
soil being over farmed and becoming infertile
wood used for fuel and building material
increased erosion and salinity
,more farms for food production (land clearing)
soil degradation
loss of fertility in the soil due to chemical change or overfarming
cities spread across the earth
soil erosion
when soil is naturally worn away from natural causes like rain, rivers, etc.
cities/human population increase
ecosystem decline
when the ecosystem of an area becomes degraded. loss of vegetation, plants, decline of water quality
CHANGES TO THE EARTH
damming rivers
cause
used in homes, factories, farms (irrigation)
increase of global population --> need more water and food
effects
stops freshwater reaching downstream
destroys ecosystems that rely on water
disrupts the flow of river; floods one end, dry the other
land pollution
cause
littering and rubbish in landfills ends up in rivers and oceans
industrial waste
use of fertilizers and pesticides on farms
effects
destroys ecosystems
food shortages and famine
contaminates drinking water
air pollution
atmosphere being degraded
effects
global warming
climate change
cause
pollutants (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur from factories and transport etc.
reduction of forest cover
ozone layer
region of the earths atmosphere that protects the earth from the suns ultra-violet radiation
cause - air pollution
effects - air quality decrease, climate change, unhealthy environment
biodiversity
Biodiversity is the biological variety and variability of life on Earth
DEGRADING THE ATMOSPHERE
importance of the atmosphere
keeps environment healthy
keeps climate under control
healthy breathable air
protects us from ultra-violet raise
how
air pollution
greenhouse gasses
variation in the suns energy
