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Other explanations of gender development: SLT - Coggle Diagram
Other explanations of gender development: SLT
SLT acknowledges role that social context has in development & states all behaviour (including gender-related) is learned from observing others.
indirect (vicarious) reinforcement
if consequences of observed person's behaviour are positive, that behaviour is more likely to be imitated by the observer (child)
e.g. if little girl sees her mother receive compliments when she wears makeup and pretty clothes, the girl may try and repeat this behaviour when she is able.
if consequences are unfavourable, i.e. punished, behaviour's less likely to be imitated
e.g. if little boy sees another boy being teased for their feminine behaviour, such behaviour is unlikely to be copied
direct reinforcement
children more likely to be reinforced (praised, encouraged) for demonstrating stereotypical gender-appropriate behaviour
e.g. boys encouraged to be active, assertive and engage in rough-and-tumble play; girls rewarded for being passive, gentle and staying close to their parent
ways boys & girls are encouraged to show distinct gender-appropriate behaviour is called
differential reinforcement
through differential reinforcement children learn their gender identity
child more likely to repeat behaviour that has been positively reinforced (rewarded) rather than punished
reinforcement can be direct/indirect
SLT draws attention to influence of env (nurture) in shaping gender development. this included significant others that child comes into contact with - parent, peers, teachers amongst others, as well as wider influence of culture and media.
identification and modelling
identification
refers to process where child attaches themselves to person who is seen to be 'like me' or to a person who 'i want to be'
i.e. person possesses qualities the child sees as desirable
these people are known as
role models
& may be art of child's immediate env (parents, teachers, siblings etc.) or may be present within media, e.g. pop stars or sports stars
role models tend be attractive & of high status & usually (and crucially for learning gender behaviours) the same gender as the child.