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3.7 - 3.10 - Coggle Diagram
3.7 - 3.10
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3.10 Metal and Alloy
Metals can be shaped because the atoms in a pure metal are held together in a giant metallic structure. The atoms are arranged in packed layers, which allow the atoms in each layer able to slide over each other quite easily
Alloy is a mixture of 2 or more elements with at least one metal. Usually, alloys are a mixture of metals. Most steel contains iron with carbon, a non-metal, mixed with its structure. The carbon is a different size from the iron atom, which makes it more difficult for the layers in giant metallic structures to slide over each other. This makes alloy harder than metal
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3.7 Bonding in Graphite
Another form of carbon, other than diamond is, graphite
In graphite, carbon is bonded to 3 other carbon atoms. That means that 1 electron is free to roam around and no longer belongs to any carbon atom. The electron is called delocalized electrons. This allows graphite to conduct electricity
When put into an electrical circuit, the electrons will leave the negative terminal of the battery and move to the positive terminal
In graphite, carbon forms hexagons and is arranged in giant layers. There is no covalent bond between the structure, only intermolecular force, so the layers slide over each other easily. This makes graphite a soft and slippery material
3.8 Fullerenes
Fullerenes is another form of carbon. Fullerenes are hollow-shaped carbon form that contains a lot of carbon atoms
Fullerenes are made out of pentagonal, hexagonal, and heptagonal rings of carbon
Fullerenes can be shaped into a ball (C60), rugby ball, doughnuts, onions (sphere within a sphere within a sphere), and cones or tubes (open or closed at the end)
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Cylindrical fullerenes are named carbon nanotubes and can be produced. The fullerenes form very thin cylinders, with the length much greater than the diameter
Properties of carbon nanotubes: High tensile strength, High electrical conductivity, and High thermal conductivity
3.8 Graphene
Graphene is a single sheet of carbon separate from graphite. Graphene is a great conductor of thermal energy and electricity. It also has low density, is the most reactive form of carbon, can be laid on a solid support, and pieces of it are very strong
3.9 Metal Crystals
Metals are built up with layers upon layers in a regular pattern. This means that metals form crystals
Metals can’t always be seen with the naked eye, but they can sometimes still be seen. For example, zinc crystals can be seen from some steels that are dipped into molten zinc to prevent them from rusting
3.9 Metallic Bonding
Metals are giant structures and can be thought of as a lattice of positively charged ions. The metal ions are arranged in identical layers, one on top of another
The outer electrons of each metal atom can move around throughout the giant structure. These outer electrons form a sea of electrons, which contains delocalized electrons that no longer attach with particular metal ions in the giant structure, that surrounds the positively charged metal ions. The electrostatic attraction between the negative electrons and the positively charged ions bonds the metal ions together