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Antioxidants - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Consuming vegetables and fruits rich in Vitamin C such as guava, oranges, broccoli, kiwi, blueberries, carrots and tomatoes
        
        Can help reduce the risk of deficiency
        
        Reducing the risk of permanent damage
  - - - High levels of Vitamin C causes protein to be released from iron
        
        Which can lead to cell damage as vitamin C acts like a catalyst to promote free radicals.
  - - - Alcoholics
        
        Especially if they have not consuming a well balanced diet.
      - Smokers
        
        Vitamin C fights oxidants produced by smoking cigarettes
        
        Recommended Daily Allowance is more than 35 mg per day for non-smoker
      - Injured patients
      - Scurvy
        
        Symptoms: weakness, loss of teeth or bleeding in gums, pain in joints, wounds not recovering and petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhages on face and limbs)
        
        Treatment: for 5 days consume 100 mg of Vitamin C per day and that should reverse symptoms
  - - - Losses in Food Preparation
        
        Vitamin C can be lost in the process of cooking due to exposure to high heat.
        
        Vitamin C content reduces significantly in processed foods.
  - - - Able to easily donate an electron to a free radical (unstable) to stop damage
    - - Able to easily accept electrons
  - - - By increasing the non-heme iron (Fe3+) that is found in plant foods.
      - Allows dietary iron to stay in reduced oxidation state (Fe2+) so that there could be an abundance in absorption.
    - - Collagen reduces chance of bruising and allows wounds to heal faster
      - Collagen is a protein that strengthens the blood vessels, connective tissue, gum tissue, scar tissue, skin and tendons.
- - - - No known deficiency symptoms; non-
        essential nutrient; no DRI
      - May contribute to increased damage to DNA and onset of epithelial cancers, heart disease
    - - Vision
        
        Night blindness
        
        Xerophthalmia (dry eye)
      - Health of mucous membranes
        
        Keratinization
        
        Decreased mucous production
      - Immune system
        
        Viral infection
      - Growth, development & reproduction
        
        Children fail to grow properly
        
        Negative impacts on jaw development
        
        Animals can't reproduce
  - - - Fat-soluble: protects against oxidation of cell membranes and Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
      - Relatively weak antioxidant compared to vitamin E
      - Clear in-vitro antioxidant function; not as clear antioxidant function in humans
    - - Retinoids – not considered antioxidants
  - - - Skin – protective against sun damage
      - Immune system support – anti-inflammatory effect in rat model at moderate doses; pro-inflammatory effect at higher doses
      - Eyes – protective against age-related damage in the macula
    - - Growth, development & reproduction (cell differentiation – retinoic acid acts on DNA to code for specific proteins in cells (e.g., mucous membranes); bone – vitamin A needed by enzymes in osteoclasts to permit breakdown of bone to allow for growth
      - Health of mucous membranes (protects against infection in skin, lungs, cornea of eye, urinary tract, bladder…)
      - Vision (macula - beta-carotene-rich, central vision)
      - Immune system (immune system needs vitamin A to produce immune cells (e.g., T-cells) to fight infection (e.g., measles))
  - - - Liver, fish oils, eggs (yolk), milk, fortified, butter, cheese
    - - Dark green and orange vegetables, orange & red fruit, margarine, fortified, breakfast cereal, fortified
  - - - No known toxicity symptoms
      - Hypercarotenemia( High intake)
    - - Only animal foods can be toxic
      - Supplemental trials shows if retinoid use at 3-4X DRI-RDA level will increased cancer rates
      - loss of appetite, nausea, headaches, dry skin, enlarged liver/spleen, bone defects
- - - - Captures free radicals that damage polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids in cell membranes
      - Special role in the lung cell membranes due to increased oxygen levels
      - Protects DNA and other cell compounds from oxidizing damage in mitochondrial and nuclear membranes (necessary for successful reproduction)
    - - Reduced platelet aggregation
        
        Protects against heart disease
        
        Inhibits protein kinase C, which is needed for platelet aggregation
        
        Necessary for successful reproduction
  - - - Nuts: almonds, brazil, hazelnuts
      - Seeds: sunflower, pumpkin, sesame
      - Plant oils: corn oil, wheat germ oil, sunflower seed oil, safflower oil, soybean oil
      - Whole grains, peanut butter
  - - - Transfer of vitamin E from mother to fetus
      - Increased need for growth
      - Pre-term infants placed in incubator have increased need due to oxidative stress on lung membranes
    - - Can be caused by loss of red blood cell membranes
      - Red blood cells can't carry adequate oxygen to cells for energy production
- - - - 2 main forms
        
        Selenocysteine
        
        Selenomethionine
  - - - Cofactor for Glutathione Peroxidase
        
        Protects cell membranes by reducing the production of free radicals
      - Spares the use of Vitamin E
    - - Needed for the enzyme deiodinase 1 and 2 to convert Thyroxin (T4) into Triiodothyronine (T3) which has greater bioavailability
      - Selenium promotes increased thyroid hormone activity
        
        Regulates growth and development during stages of growth
        
        Regulates body temperature
        
        Regulates Basal Metabolism
  - - - <1mg/day - Caused by supplement use only
        
        Causes nausea, vomiting and irritability
    - - Seen in areas where people primarily eat local foods - Soil is depleted of Selenium
        
        Causes severe joint pain
        
        Causes heart and muscle disease - cardiomyopathy - known as Keshan's Disease
  - - - Vegetables: Yams, parsley, broccolli, asparagus
      - Brazil nuts
      - Whole Grains, seeds and produce grown on Selenium rich soil
    - - Milk
      - Liver, Meats
      - Eggs
      - Seafood, Shellfish