Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Degrowth and Work - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Work time reduction as a multiple dividend policy lever
        
        For emissions reduction
        
        For relieving stress and improving quality of life
        
        Time affluence
        
        For reducing/eliminating unemployment
- - - - Automation - cannot succeed as there will always exist relatively undesirable work (Parrique, 2019 pp.597)
      - Market - currently, undesirable jobs are paid the least and the most socially exclusionist (Parrique, 2019, pp.598) (aside from Norway, where bin cleaners are paid excellently).
    - - Time-based taxation (Parrique, 2019, pp.598)
  - - - Agency - (Sayer, Why dignity at work matters, 2007)
      - Purpose
  - - - Pitfalls - "Self-managed servitude", boss complexes, Byung Chul-Han's "autoexploitative subject" (Chul-Han, 2017)
- - - - Reduced personal autonomy (work to avoid poverty)
        
        The imperative need for a regular income is used to persuade people of their 'imperative need to work'. (Gorz, 1999)
      - Social coersion to work (not of economic kind) - linked to framings of Work Identity and Work Ethic
      - Shortcomings of capitalist logic
        
        The actual problem is not a shortage of work, but a failure to distribute the wealth which is now produced by capital employing
        fewer and fewer workers (Gorz 2009).
        
        labour market is moving towards an ever-increasing exploitative form of work (Ford, 2016) (and tie in globalization)
      - Automation/ technological innovation (pro and con)
      - Jobs-environment dilemma (Hoffmann 2020)
    - - Work organized separate from the economy
        The end of work is the end of the primacy of the economic over other spheres of life (Gorz, 1983)
        
        Culture-based society rather than work-based society (Gorz, 1999)
        
        Multi-activity lifestyles (Gorz, 1999)
        
        Decentralized and limited in scale (Hoffman, 2017)
      - Work should be fully autonomous (Parrique, 2019; Hoffman, 2017)
        
        Right not to work (Ford, 2016)
        
        Right to be lazy
        
        “ However, there are perhaps no more ‘environmentally friendly behaviors’ or forms of “sustainable consumption” than idling or doing nothing as time passes, currently undervalued and long detested modes of being that should be re-evaluated for a post-work, sustainable future.” (Parrique 2019).
      - Individual and collective reappropriation of time (Gorz, 1999) / de-commodification of work (Polanyi, Kallis)
      - Unlikely to be situated in a capitalist society (hence degrowth)
        
        Post-work more a critique of wage-labour as it materialized with industrial capitalism than a critique of work/labour in itself (Gorz,1994) +
      - work should be more task-oriented
        (use value) and less profit- or wage-oriented (exchange value). (Parrique 2019).
      - Policy programs
        
        “decommodification of work for that it decreases the influence of financial incentives in the allocation of one’s time…In effect, in decouples living from the obligation to work for a wage.” (Parrique , 2019)
        
        unemployment benefits, free healthcare, and universal pensions
        A job guarantee, a social wage, or a basic income
      - Working less, consuming less (Latouche, Foster)
    - - Industrial capitalism
      - Fordism (work to produce to consume)
      - Enclosure
  - - - Leisure, like happiness,tends to be seen as something that's earned through (hard) work (Ford 2016).
      - Protestant Work Ethic - work as virtue, moral obligation (Weeks, 2011)
      - Industrial Work Ethic - pick one self up their bootstraps (Weeks, 2011)
      - Post-industrial Work Ethic - work as a path to individual self-expression, self-development, and creativity (Weeks, 2011)
    - - Work as the objective in itself
        “emphasis is put, not on the type of work being
        performed, but merely on the fact of having a job. Any job is better than none.” (Parrique, 2019)
    - - Hustle Culture, boasting around overtime work (exploitation)
      - Rretirement blues
      - Mental health and unemployment
      - Central societal institution (Hoffman, 2017)