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CELL CYCLE (Ch 2B) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - daughter cells
  - - - worn out
      - damaged tissues
    - - multicellular
  - - - KARYOKINESIS
        
        nuclear division
        
        PROPHASE
        
        METAPHASE
        
        ANAPHASE
        
        TELOPHASE
      - CYTOKINESIS
        
        cytoplasmic division
      - parent cell divide
        
        2 or more daughter cell
      - on cell divide
        
        2 new cell
      - each cell
        
        same genetic mat.
        
        original cell
      - identical cells
        
        photocopied
    - - MEIOSIS I
        
        PROPHASE I
        
        LEPTOTENE / LEPTONEMA
        
        ZYGOTENE / ZYGONEMA
        
        PACHYTENE / PACHYNEMA
        
        DIPLOTENE / DIPLONEMA
        
        DIAKINESIS
        
        METAPHASE I
        
        ANAPHASE I
        
        TELOPHASE I
        
        INTERPHASE
        
        GROWTH 1 (G1)
        
        immediately follows cytokinesis
        
        very active period
        
        cell synthesize proteins
        
        need for growth
        
        2 more items...
        
        46 2N cells
        
        identical to somatic cells
        
        SYNTHESIS PHASE (S)
        
        genetic mat.
        
        replicated
        
        each chromosomes duplicate
        
        46 2N
      - MEIOSIS II
        
        PROPHASE II
        
        METAPHASE II
        
        ANAPHASE II
        
        TELOPHASE II
      - only in eukaryotes
        
        cell permanently transformed
        
        gamete
        
        cant divide
        
        until fertilization
      - sexually reproducing organisms
        
        egg fertilization
        
        diploid (2n) individual
      - chromosome number reduced to half
        
        diploid to haploid
        
        2N to N
        
        daughter cell
        
        haploid number
      - one-way process
      - preparatory process
        
        identical to mitosis
        
        interphase
        
        GROWTH 1
        
        SYNTHESIS
        
        G2
        
        absent in meiosis
- - - - LEPTOTENE / LEPTOENEMA
        
        chromosome
        
        long thing threads
        
        bead structures (chromomeres)
        
        some plants
        
        chromosomes
        
        clumped one side of nucleus
        
        some animals
        
        nuclear membrane
        
        close to centriole
      - ZYGOTENE / ZYGONEMA
        
        homologous chromosomes synapsis begins
        
        pair chromosome to bivalent
        
        4 chromatid
        
        precise synapsis
        
        homologues pair side by side
        
        chromomere like zipper
      - PACHYTENE / PACHYNEMA
        
        chromosome further coiled
        
        thicker
        
        2 of bivalent chromosome
        
        close
        
        exchange segment
        
        sister & nonsister
        
        repair
        
        crossing over
        
        observed thru chiasma formation
        
        point of exchange
        
        cause genetic variation
        
        especially in nonsister
        
        nucleolus still present
        
        chromosome attached
      - DIPLOTENE / DIPLONEMA
        
        bivalent chromosome
        
        separate
        
        connected at point of crossing over
        
        longitudinal separation
        
        start from centromere
        
        towards end
        
        except at chaisma
        
        point of contact
        
        nuclear envelope
        
        begin breaking
      - DIAKINESIS
        
        homologous chromosome separate
        
        disappear
        
        nuclear membrane
        
        nucleolus
        
        spindle fiber formed
        
        prophase I complete
      - homologous chromosome
        
        pair
        
        cross over / recombination
        
        unique in meiosis
        
        pairs are called bivalents
        
        2 chromosome
        
        1 from parent
        
        4 chromatids
        
        nons-sister chromosome
        
        cross over at points called chiasma
    - - bivalent align
        
        metaphase/equatorial plane
      - bivalent homologue
        
        each side of
        metaphase
        
        centromere attached
        to the spindle fiber
    - - univalent
        
        in each bivalent
        
        separate
        
        haploid (n) no. chromosomes
        
        reductional phase of Meiosis I
        
        move in opposite poles
        
        depolymerization of spindle fiber
    - - chromosome regroup
        
        coils relax
      - nuclear membrane
        
        nucleolus
        
        form 2 haploid daughter cells
      - absent in some species
  - - - chromosome condense
      - disintegration
        
        nuclear membrane
        
        nucleus
    - - spindle fiber form
      - chromosome
        
        align at middle
        
        uncoil & lengthen
      - univalent
        
        sister chromatid
        
        separate then move to poles
        
        individual chromosome
      - reappearance
        
        nuclear membrane
        
        nucleolus
    - - chromatids
        
        spindle fiber
        
        apart
        
        become chromosome
    - - chromosome
        
        regroup
        
        coils relax
      - reappearance
        
        nuclear membrane & nucleolus
      - 4 cells
    - - follows telophase
      - from haploid to four cells
        
        tetrad formation in plants
  - - - after meiosis I
      - some spp
        
        no cytokinesis
    - - brief transitional stage
      - before cell proceed to meiosis II
      - similar to interphase
        
        but no DNA synthesis
- - - - cell increase in volume
        
        imbibition of water & nutrients
        
        build new protoplasm
      - formation of cytoplasmic organelles
      - chromatin appear
        
        dark stained
      - longest period of cell cycle
        
        some embryonic cell
        
        few mins. only
        
        some cell
        
        nerve cell
        
        G0 phase
        
        never leave G1
        
        resting phase
        
        not dividing
        
        not preparing to divide
      - prepares cell
        
        synthesis phase
    - - active synthesis
        
        DNA
        
        histones (protein)
        
        component of chromatin
        
        DNA replicated
        
        DNA content (2C)
        
        4C
      - chromosome
        
        replicated/doubled
        
        new synthesized protein
        
        assemble w/ new DNA
        
        form new chromosome
      - time to complete S phase varies
    - - active synthesis
        
        RNA
        
        proteins 4 chromosome synthesis
      - mitotic spindle
        
        start formation
      - double chromatic fiber
        
        folded
        
        form chromosome
        
        colored body during cell div.
- - - - chromosome
        
        shorten
        
        thicken
        
        visible as thick rods
        
        longitudinally double
        
        chromatid = 1/2 of chromosome
      - EARLY PROPHASE
        
        condensed chromosome
        
        2 sister chromatid
        
        nuclear membrane
        
        start break down
        
        nucleoli
        
        start disappear
        
        spindle fiber appear
      - LATE PROPHASE
        
        centromere connects spindle fiber to chromatid
        
        complete disappear
        
        nucleoli
        
        nuclear membrane
        
        animal cell
        
        centriole divide
        
        spindle raidate from the aster
    - - spindle fiber
        
        grow
        
        attach to chromosome
        
        opposite side of centromere
      - line up in the middle
        
        metaphase/equatorial plane
    - - centromere
        
        functionally double
        
        divide
        
        create 2 chromosome
        
        instead of a pair attached at centromere
      - spindle fiber shorten
        
        depolymerization
        
        pull sister chromatids apart
        
        opposite poles
        
        once chromatids have separated,
        they are individual chromosome
    - - regroup into two nuclear structure
        
        once on opposite pole
      - nuclear envelope
        
        reassemble
        
        surround daughter chromosome
        
        spindle fiber disappear
      - nucleoli reappear
        
        inside new formed nuclei
      - chromosome
        
        decondense
        
        become chromatin
        
        again in interphase
        
        uncoil
        
        lengthen
        
        lose visible identity
  - - - cytoplasm is divided
        
        cell plate formation
        
        separation start from the inside
    - - cytokinesis occurs via
        
        furrowing /
        cleavage formation
        
        starts from periphery
    - - form 2 daughter cell