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Malaria, Erythrocytic stage - Coggle Diagram
Malaria
Clinical presentation of malaria disease
thus its important to do further investigation
Fever
Headache
Chills
Nausea
Fatigue
Vomiting
splenohepatomegaly
Sweating
Dry cough
Muscle pain
Complications of malaria disease
Severe anemia
Hypoglycemia
Hepatosplenomegally
Cerebral malaria
Acute renal failure
Blackwater fever
Pulmonary complications
Thrombocytopenia
more importantly education on how to prevent it
Preventive measures of malaria infection
some people with other diseases are protected from malaria disease
Vaccination
Health education
better environmental sanitation
use insect repellent
wear long-sleeved clothing
use a mosquito net bed
Spray an insecticide
Managements of malaria disease
to prevent further complications
Chloroquine
prevent heme polymarization to hemozoin
Primaquine
generates reactive oxygen species and decrease ATP production
Pyrimethamine
inhibits plasmodial dihydrofolate reductase
Quinine
prevent heme polymarization to hemozoin
Atovaquone-proguanil
Atovaquone
inhibits mitochonrial processes
Proguanil
inhibits plasmodial dihydrofolate reductase
Mefloquine
Unknown
Artemisinine
free radicals formation and binding to proteins
Histology of the skin
Dermis
Dense irregular connective tissue
Layers
Papillary layer
its superior surface contain peg like projections called dermal papillae
Reticuar layer
accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin
Epidermis
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
layers
Stratum granulosum
keratinocytes containing keratohyaline and lammellate granules
Stratum spinosum
langerhans cells
melanin granules
living Keratinocytes
Stratum lucidum
dead keratinocytes
Stratum basale / germinativum
stem cells
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Stratum corneum
dead keratinocytes
skin appendages
Nails
Sebaceous glands
Holocrine glands
secrete sebum in the hair follicle canal
Hair
Shaft
projecting from the skin
Root
embedded in the skin
layers
from innermost to outermost
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
Internal epithelial root sheath
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Arrector pili muscle attached to the hair follicle
smooth muscle causing hair to stand when contracted
Sweat glands
Eccrine glands
open directly into the surface
secrete sweat
Apocrine glands
open into the hair follicle canal
Skin mechanoreceptors
Meissner corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini's corpuscle
Merkel's nerve endings
Free nerve endings
Hypodermis deep to the skin
composed of adipose and areolar connective tissue
superficial fascia
subcutaneous layer
Structures determines what functions takes place
Lab investigations for malaria disease
to diagnose and give the proper treatment
Microscopy
Rapid diagnostic test
Serology-Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
Blood smear
Thin film
identification of the plasmodium species
Thick film
quick diagnosis and quantification
special stains
Giemsa or wright stain
Protective factors of malaria infection
by preventing the infection the prevalence will decrease
Hemoglobin C
Thalassemia
alpha
beta
Sickle cell trait
Hemoglobin S
G6PD deficiency
Epidemiology of malaria disease
for a healtheir life
241 million malaria cases in 2020
627,000 deaths
Malaria is endemic throghout the tropics and subtropics
Asia
The Caribbean
sub-saharan Africa
Oceania
South america
Africa region contributes most malaria cases
malaria belt
Microbiology of malaria
Life cycle of malaria
Sporozoites from female Anophales mosquito
liver
Merozoits
ring
Trophozoite
Schizont
Gametocytes
taken up by female anopheles mosquito
Exoerythrocytic stage
parasitic disease
spread to humans
by female Anopheles mosquito
Types
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium malariae
Plasmodium knowlesi
result in clinical presentations
Physiology of skin
functions of the skin
Thermoregulation
blood flow
Sweating
Thermoreceptors
Absorption
Vitamins
Water
Oxygen
Sensation
skin mechanoreceptors
Protection
Secretion
sebum
Excretion
Sweat
Toxics
Ammonia
might get invaded
Erythrocytic stage