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States of matter - Coggle Diagram

- - - - strong forces of attraction between particles, so particles are held in a fixed position, forming a regular lattice arrangement
      - the particles don't move, they vibrate around a fixed position
      - they have a defined shape and volume
      - they have low kinetic energy
    - - they have medium kinetic energy
      - weak force of attraction, so are randomly arranged and are free to move around each other, while still touching
      - they have a definate volume but not a definate shape, so will fill the bottom of a container
      - the particles are constantly moving with random movement, with the speed increasing as heat increase.
    - - very weak forces of attraction so are free to move and are far apart. they move in straight lines
      - they don't keep a definite shape or volume and will always fill any container
      - they are constantly moving with random motion, with the hotter the gas gets, the faster they move
      - they have high kinetic energy
  - - - melting
        
        liquid
        
        evaporating/boiling
        
        gas
        
        condensing #
        
        desublimation
        
        freezing
      - [sublimation]
  - - - add potassium manganate to a beaker of water. the purple colour slowly spreads out to fill the beaker. the particles of potassium manganate are diffusing among the particles of water., eventually becoming spread out through the water
    - - if you set up a tube, with cotton wool soaked in aqueous ammonia in one end and cotton wool soaked in HCl the other end, the NH3 gas diffuses from one end of the tube and the HCL gas diffuses from the other. When they meet, they react to form ammonium chloride. the ring doesn't form exactly in the middle, it forms nearer the end of the HCl as it is heavier so diffuse slower
    - - fill half a gas jar with bromine gas, and the other half full of air. separate the 2 with a glass plate. when you remove the glass plate, the brown bromine gas diffuses through the air, and eventually it will diffuse right through the air
  - - - To plot a solubility curve, the maximum mass of solvent that can be dissolved in 100 g of water before a saturated solution is formed, is determined at a series of different temperatures
    - - Prepare a two beakers, one as a hot water bath and one as an ice bath
      - Using a small measuring cylinder, measure out 4 cm3 of distilled water into a boiling tube.
      - On a balance weigh out 2.6 g of ammonium chloride and add it to the boiling tube
      - Place the boiling tube into the hot water bath and stir until the solid dissolves
      - Transfer the boiling tube to the ice bath and allow it to cool while stirring
      - Note the temperature at which crystals first appear and record it in a table of results
      - Add 1 cm3 of distilled water then warm the solution again to dissolve the crystals
      - Repeat the cooling process again noting the temperature at which crystals first appear.
      - Continue the steps until a total of 10 cm3 of water has been added
  - - - the substance being dissolved
    - - the liquid it disolves into
    - - a mixture of solute and solvent that doesn't separate
    - - a solution where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved, so no more will dissolve in the solution