*closeness in space* or time,

If 👤 experiences two environmental events (stimuli, or sensations) at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously), those two events will become associated (bound together) ➡ the thought of one event will, in the future, tend to elicit the thought of the other

basic forms of human knowledge and the basic operating characteristics of the mind are inborn and do not have to be acquired from experience

a priori knowledge (is built into the human brain and does not have to be learned), and a posteriori knowledge (from experience in the environment). Without the first, a person could not acquire the second.

• physiological (internal chemical functions, such as hormones, as cause),

• evolutionary (natural selection as cause)

• learning (the individual’s prior experiences with the environment as cause),

activation of the left frontal cortex ↔ approach-motivation + pleasurable activities, activation in the right frontal cortex ↔ withdrawal-motivation + avoidance of negative stimuli.

🏴 behavioral neuroscience (how the nervous system produces the specific type of experience or behavior)

🏴 biopsychology (ways hormones and drugs act on the brain to alter behavior and experience)

🏴 behavioral genetics psychological differences among individuals (differences in their genes)

🏴 learning psychology learning influence the types of behavior, relate learning experiences directly to behavioral changes. experience in the environment leads to change in behavior.

🏴 cognitive psychology. (types of mental information, mind.) experience in the environment leads to change in knowledge or beliefs, and that change leads to change in behavior.

🏴 social psychology. (▪️ explain mental experiences and behavior, ▪️ identify how they are influenced by other people or by one’s beliefs about other people)
▪️ how the thought, feeling, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others ▪️ to explain behavior in terms of conformity to social norms, or obedience to authority, or living up to others’ expectations (social pressure). ▪️immediate social influences

🏴 sensory psychology (basic abilities to
see, hear, touch, taste, and smell the environment

🏴 cultural psychology (mental experiences and behavior (culture) in which the person developed ▪️history, economy, religious or philosophical traditions of a culture ➡ values, norms, habits of 👥)

🏴 developmental psychology (age differences in the ways that people feel, think, and act. ▪️experiences at any age influence behavior at later stages)

🏴 perceptual psychology (interpret the input they receive through their senses).

🏴 personality psychology (normal differences in general ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving)

🏴 abnormal psychology (sufficiently extreme and disruptive psychological traits (mental disorders)

🏴 clinical psychology (mental disorders or less serious psychological problems, psychotherapy/drug treatments, better treatment methods.)