Simon Renard presented an official proposal of marriage to Mary on 10th October 1553. The council consented to the terms of the treaty on 7th December 1553 and approved by Parliament in April 1554

Any child between them was an heir to the English throne and the low countries, but not Spain

Anti-Spanish feelings in London-disturbance in summer of 1555. One at the end of May with 500 men and 5 or 6 deaths. Another on the 13th of June when a mob attacked a church in which a number of Spaniards were worshipping.

Pope named a new legate William Peto, Mary refused to acknowledge superior papal authority that placed Peto in higher position in the English Church than the Archbishop of Canterbury- caused difficult relations with the Pope

Mary had begun her reign with debts of £185,000 but by her death this had increased only to £300,000. Would have been better if she had not been at war with France for the last 18 months of her reign

The Exchequer successfully pursued Crown debtors, some of whom had debts, which had been outstanding for 40 years.

Rents on Crown lands were re-evaluated and raised. It has been estimated that this raised £40,000 per annum.

By 1559 the purchasing power of an agricultural worker’s wages had dropped by 59% of what it had been 50 years earlier as a result of inflation

The new Book of Rates fixed the level of duty to be paid on certain products. Customs had last been fixed in 1507- new rates 100% higher. Customs revenues rose from £29,315 in 1556-7 to £82,797 in 1558-9 but too late for Mary to feel the benefit.

The long-term security of Crown finances was boosted by plans for recoinage drawn up from 1556-1558- implemented in Elizabeth’s reign. It was the thoroughness of preparation conducted during Mary’s reign which enabled efficient implementation under Elizabet

Walter Mildmay ensured that the Court of Exchequer took over the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations

25th Jan – Wyatt raises his standard in Maidstone to signify the start of the rebellion

28th Jan – Duke of Norfolk’s force unable to engage rebels and Norfolk forced to retreat.

1st Feb – Queen rallies support with speech at Guildhall in City of London

3rd Feb – Rebels reach Southwark but are prevented from crossing to the City with the Crown’s forces holding London Bridge. Critical turning point of the rebellion.

6th Feb – Rebels move upstream to Kingston upon Thames and cross the river there and move back toward London

7th Feb – Rebels stop at Ludgate on the edge of the City of London. Wyatt surrenders

Dec 1553 plans drawn to rebel in Kent, Hertfordshire, Devon and Leicestershire

Lady Jane Grey and Guildford Dudley executed- Elizabeth spared

Pope Julius III died in 1555 and was succeeded by anti-Spanish Paul IV- hostile towards Philip and suspicious of Pole whom he regarded as heretic

Calais lost 1558- reduced cost of garrisoning- last French land held by England

He wanted to fight the Habsburgs over their control of Naples. Pope allied with France and Mary found herself brought into conflict with the Papacy that she had struggled for so long to rejoin.

In January 1556, on his father’s abdication, Philip became the ruler of Spain, Spanish America, Naples and the Netherlands. .

England declared war on France on 7th June 1557 following a landing at Scarborough of French troops led by Thomas Stafford- French were openly tolerating exiled English Protestants and rumours circulating that Henry II planned to recapture Calais

7,000 soldiers sent to aid the 70,000 Spanish and imperial troops fighting the French. At battle of St Quentin, Philip defeated Henry II with minimal support from the English

1558 27,00 French troops attacked 2,000 English in Calais- captured the whole of Calais in 3 weeks

In response to Calais, the English government raised an army of 7,000 and a fleet of 140 ships to attack Brest, but only succeeded in capturing Le Conquet