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Mary I 1553-1558 reduced - Coggle Diagram
Mary I 1553-1558 reduced
Economy
Mary had begun her reign with debts of £185,000 but by her death this had increased only to £300,000. Would have been better if she had not been at war with France for the last 18 months of her reign
The Exchequer successfully pursued Crown debtors, some of whom had debts, which had been outstanding for 40 years.
Rents on Crown lands were re-evaluated and raised. It has been estimated that this raised £40,000 per annum.
By 1559 the purchasing power of an agricultural worker’s wages had dropped by 59% of what it had been 50 years earlier as a result of inflation
The new Book of Rates fixed the level of duty to be paid on certain products. Customs had last been fixed in 1507- new rates 100% higher. Customs revenues rose from £29,315 in 1556-7 to £82,797 in 1558-9 but too late for Mary to feel the benefit.
The long-term security of Crown finances was boosted by plans for recoinage drawn up from 1556-1558- implemented in Elizabeth’s reign. It was the thoroughness of preparation conducted during Mary’s reign which enabled efficient implementation under Elizabet
Walter Mildmay ensured that the Court of Exchequer took over the Court of First Fruits and Tenths and the Court of Augmentations
Foreign policy
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Papacy
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Pope named a new legate William Peto, Mary refused to acknowledge superior papal authority that placed Peto in higher position in the English Church than the Archbishop of Canterbury- caused difficult relations with the Pope
Pope Julius III died in 1555 and was succeeded by anti-Spanish Paul IV- hostile towards Philip and suspicious of Pole whom he regarded as heretic
He wanted to fight the Habsburgs over their control of Naples. Pope allied with France and Mary found herself brought into conflict with the Papacy that she had struggled for so long to rejoin.
France
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England declared war on France on 7th June 1557 following a landing at Scarborough of French troops led by Thomas Stafford- French were openly tolerating exiled English Protestants and rumours circulating that Henry II planned to recapture Calais
7,000 soldiers sent to aid the 70,000 Spanish and imperial troops fighting the French. At battle of St Quentin, Philip defeated Henry II with minimal support from the English
1558 27,00 French troops attacked 2,000 English in Calais- captured the whole of Calais in 3 weeks
In response to Calais, the English government raised an army of 7,000 and a fleet of 140 ships to attack Brest, but only succeeded in capturing Le Conquet
Habsburg Empire
In January 1556, on his father’s abdication, Philip became the ruler of Spain, Spanish America, Naples and the Netherlands. .
Religion
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Oct 1553 Parliament met. The House of Commons passed the First Act of Repeal which swept away all religious reform during Edward VI’s reign.
Nov 1554-Parliament met and passed the Second Act of Repeal. This abolished all doctrinal legislation since 1529 including the 1534 Act of Supremacy.
Pope restored as Head of Church: Cardinal Pole: Appointed papal legate with a brief to restore the Papal Supremacy
Bishops were instructed to set up local training schools and make regular visits to the priests in their area.
March 1554- The Royal Injunctions were issued, which ordered bishops to suppress heresy, remove married clergy, re-ordained clergy who had been ordained under the English Ordinal and restore Holy Days, processions and ceremonies
Persuasion
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Latimer and Ridley,imprisoned Protestant leaders in Oxford
Towards the end of her reign it was declared that the possession of treasonable books would results in the death penalty
Mary’s government proactive in publishing pro-Marian texts- Sermons were sponsored at St Paul's Cross. Pro government writers published tracts.
Persecution
In December 1554 heresy laws were restored, and trials and executions began of those who refused to accept Catholic belief and practice.
289 Protestants (237 men, 52 women) burned at the stake for heresy- included Archbishop Cranmer, bishops Hooper and Ridley- Hugh Latimer
21 clergymen suffered, 8 victims from the gentry- bulk were people of humble status
Pole and Mary, given time, may have succeeded in their mission to re-Catholicism England.
The delay in properly restoring the Church’s institutional structure and the divisions between Crown and papacy did not help but Mary certainly never completed what she set out to do
New bishops that Mary+Pole appointed took their pastoral responsibilities seriously and in accord with the Catholic Reformation
The Devyse
Devyse disinherited both Mary and Elizabeth so the crown would go to Lady Jane Grey, a Protestant
Henry VIII’s will (Succession Act 1544) stated Mary was to succeed Edward, if he died childless
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Society
harvest failures in 1555 and 1556 which brought severe food shortages and severe strain on real wages for the poor
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1556-8 typhus epidemics were followed by an epidemic of influenza. This killed 1 in 10 people. The population which had been rising up to this point, fell and may have dropped as much as 5% 1556-1561.
1556-1558 mortality rates were enormous due to the influenza epidemic of those years as well as harvest failures and high taxation to pay for the war against France
Poor relief 1556-58- Emphasis placed on enforcing laws against grain hoarders, and there was encouragement to turn pasture land to tillage
1555 Poor Law Act - ordered licensed beggars to wear badges- intended to encourage parishioners into donating more alms for poor relief
Rebellions
Anti-Spanish feelings in London-disturbance in summer of 1555. One at the end of May with 500 men and 5 or 6 deaths. Another on the 13th of June when a mob attacked a church in which a number of Spaniards were worshipping.
Wyatt's rebellion events
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3rd Feb – Rebels reach Southwark but are prevented from crossing to the City with the Crown’s forces holding London Bridge. Critical turning point of the rebellion.
6th Feb – Rebels move upstream to Kingston upon Thames and cross the river there and move back toward London
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Wyatt's rebellion
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Dec 1553 plans drawn to rebel in Kent, Hertfordshire, Devon and Leicestershire
Only Kent rebelled- Wyatt raised 2,500 rebels
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