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Map of the Research Process, Formulating Your Research - Coggle Diagram
Map of the Research Process
Definition and Expression
Conceptualization
The process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use particular terms (where measurement normally begins).
Operationalization
Involves describing how measurements will actually be made by specifying the procedures which will result in the measurement of variables.
Measuring Data and Observations
Criteria for Measurement
Reliability
: ensuring that the same measurement can be achieved more than once using the same method.
Validity
: ensuring that the measurement method used will produce accurate results accordingly.
Face Validity
- determining the validity of something (a measurement) with seeing how much logical sense it makes
Criterion-Related Validity
- involves comparing a measure with some external criterion. A measure can be validated by showing that it predicts scores on another measure that is generally accepted as valid; sometimes referred to as convergent validity
Discriminant Validity
: Meaning that measures can discriminate different concepts
Construct Validity
- based on the logical relationships among variables
Content Validity
- refers to the degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concept
Different Levels of Measurement
Nominal
: variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual characteristics (Ex: gender, race, college major)
Ratio
: the attributes that compose a variable, besides having all the structural characteristics - are based on a true zero point (ex: police officers who were just appointed to their jobs reach the zero point)
Ordinal
: variables whose attributes may be logically rank-ordered (Ex: opinion of police)
Interval
: when the actual distance that separates the attributes composing some variables does have meaning (Ex: IQ)
Putting the Data Together
Enter any data collected from your research into a table or chart
Formulating Your Research
Pick Your Form
Survey
Interview
Experiment
Observation