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Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System, Sarcoplasmic reticulum release Ca+…

- - - - Neuromuscular Junction NMJ
        
        How CN 10 Vagus nerve supplies cardiac plexus
        
        synaptic vesicles from axon terminal will diffuse to the synaptic gap exposing the acetylcholine and other proteins.
        
        Acetylcholine will bind to the voltage gated channels that will cause a Na K pump PISO (Potassium In Sodium Out)
        
        result to initiation of action potential
      - Sliding Filament Theory
      - Excitation Extraction Coupling
  - - - T-tubule - pass going through the z-disc to supply calcium ions
- - - - Types of Capillaries
        
        Fenestrated capillaries - highly permeable, have numerous fenestrae (areas that have small diameters where cytoplasm is absent and its plasma membrane has thin porous diaphragm).
        
        Sinusoidal capillaries - larger in diameter, have less or absent prominent basement membrane, fenestrae is larger than fenestrated capillaries and gaps can exist between endothelial cells. Present where large molecules move into blood (endocrine system)
        
        Continuous capillaries - has small diameter its walls exhibit no gaps between the endothelial walls, less permeable to large molecules, found in muscle and nervous tissues
    - - Types of Arteries
        
        Muscular Arteries - has medium to small size and has thick tunica media which contains 25-40 layers of smooth muscle, often called distributing arteries
        
        Arterioles - smallest arteries that conduct blood towards the capillaries. Like small muscular arteries, capable of vasoconstriction and vasodilation.
        
        Elastic Arteries - has the largest diameter, receives blood from the heart, and has high blood pressure.
    - - Types of Veins
        
        Venules and small veins - Venules collect blood from capillaries transporting to small veins then leading to medium veins. Nutrient exchange also occurs on venule walls but as small veins increase its thickness, exchange decreases.
        
        Medium and Large veins - medium veins collect the blood, they have valves in tunica intima that prevent backflow and conduct it to large veins, then large veins transport the blood back into the heart.
  - - - Sphygmomanometer
      - Stethoscope
  - - - Overweight or Obese
      - Excessive salt consumption
      - Age over 65 years
      - Genetics
      - Smoking
      - Stress
      - Alcohol consumption
    - - Renal retention of sodium and water occurs because of blood passes through the kidney whereas kidney filter blood into urine. And sodium won't be released by the body. With this, water accompanies sodium because where sodium is water follows. Due to this, there would be an increase in osmolarity which leads to increased blood volume and later on increased blood pressure.
- - - - 1.Right Atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins
      - Right Ventricle - pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
      - Left Atrium - receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins
      - Left Ventricle - pumps the oxygen-rich blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body
  - - - Atrioventricular Valves - separates the atrium and ventricle
      - Pulmonic Valve - prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary artery back to the right ventricle during diastole
      - Tricuspid Valve - allow blood from the body to flow into the heart and to the right ventricle, where it is pumped to the lungs for oxygen
      - Aortic Valve - keeps the blood flow in the right direction
      - Mitral Valve - allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle by opening
      - Semilunar valve - During ventricular diastole, semilunar valves help to maintain pressure on the major arteries by preventing blood from arteries to ventricles from back flowing