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Chemistry, X (Z, A, Atomic symbol), Cannot react with both steam and water…

- - - - The arrow is the condition(e.g: heat, catalyst), written on top of the arrow
    - - Mg + O2 -> MgO
        
        Unbalanced
      - 2Mg + O2 -> 2Mg
        
        Balanced
      - Rules
        
        Don't change the subscript (O2, 2 is the subscript)
        
        Start with everything except free elements(e.g: Mg, Ni, Ca)
    - - Find quantity of reactant + products involved in reaction
      - Law of conservation of mass -> cannot be created/lost/destroyed
  - - - All are soluble
    - - All are soluble
    - - All are soluble except silver chloride, mercury(I) chloride, lead(II) chloride(soluble in hot water)
    - - All are soluble except barium sulphate, lead(II) chloride(soluble in hot water)
    - - All are insoluble except sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and ammonium carbonate
    - - All are insoluble except sodium oxide, potassium oxide and ammonium oxide
    - - All are insoluble except sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and barium hydroxide
  - - - Only separate the aq compounds into ions for elimination
      - aq = soluble
      - s = solid
      - l = liquid
      - g = gas
      - Has to add charges
  - - - n = 3
- - - - tp will be low
      - crystals will form
  - - - To obtain a solvent from a solution
      - Separate a mixture of two or more liquids
      - The liquid collected is called distillate
    - - To separate two miscible liquids with very close boiling points
        
        If they have close boiling points we can't use simple distillation
      - Mixture os separated into different fractions based on the difference in boiling points
      - Provides a large surface area for repeated vaporization and condensation of the mixture
  - - - Higher the solubility = more faster and longer the distance
  - - - Liquid
        
        Particles are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another
        
        Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume, can flow
      - Solid
        
        Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position in a regular pattern
        
        Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume, cannot flow
      - Gas
        
        Particles of gases are very far apart and can move freely
        
        Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume
    - - All matter is made up of particles
      - Particles attract each other
      - Particles of different substance are different sizes
      - there are spaces between particles
      - Particles are moving all the time
  - - - Mixed up with other different particles and particles spreading throughout the space
    - - Small distance = fast diffusion
      - Large distance: slow diffusion
  - - - Pure solid = sharp boiling point(t2-t1)
        
        t1 = tp when begins to melt
        
        t2 = all melted
    - - Similar to distillation, finding the bp, the thermometer has to do inside the solution
- - - - Electrons are arranges in orderly regions surrounding the central nucleus
      - The maximum number of electrons held in each shell can be calculated
      - Electron arrangement/electronic configuration of Sodium(Na)
        
        Electrons in an atom are arranged in shells
        
        Also has numbering arrangement: Sodium = 2,8,1
      - 2,8,1
  - - - The masses of all atoms are relative to the carbon-12 atom
        
        Relative atomic mass: if an element consists of "n" isotopes, there would be "n" different relative isotopic masses, one for each of the isotopes
        
        For the element as a whole there is only one RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS
        
        The RAM of an element is the weighted average of the relative isotopic masses of its natural isotopes on the C12 = 1200000
    - - Same number of electrons: chemical properties do not change
      - Different number of neutrons: different masses and hence physical properties are slightly different
    - - % = percentage abundance of isotopes x, y
      - M = Relative isotope masses of isotopes x, y
      - Equation: (a%aM)+(b%bM)
  - - - Always silvery solids when freshly cut
      - All soft metals
      - Show similar chemical properties
      - Physical prop: Solid at room tp.
      - Physical prop: bp + mp decreases when you go down the periodic table
      - Physical prop: Density below 1 floats, above 1 sinks
      - Chemical prop: 1 + Oxygen = (1) oxide
      - Chemical prop: 1 + Water = (1) hydroxide + hydrogen
      - Chemical prop: 1 + Halogen = (1) halides
      - Chemical prop: 1 + Acid = Explosion
    - - Physical and chemical prop are the same as Gp.1 except Gp.2 metals can be added with Acid and not explode
      - Chemical prop(With Acid): 2 + Acid = metal salt + hydrogen
      - Gp.2 Metal has colors
        
        Li = Red
        
        Na = Yellow
        
        K = Lilac
        
        Ca = Orange-red
        
        Br = Light-green
        
        Cu = Blue-green
    - - As you go down the periodic table the color of the Gp.7 metal darkens
      - mp + bp increases as you go down the periodic table
      - Colored in element form
      - Poisonous
      - Strongly oxidizing
      - Pungent smell
    - - Octet structure(Helium is Duplet)
        
        Octet: full outer shell
        
        Duplet: not-full outershell
      - Colorless gas
      - Un-reactive: full outershell
      - All are inert
      - Does not produce a chemical reaction when another substance is added
      - mp + bp + density increases as you go down the periodic table
    - - Physical prop: High density
      - Physical prop: Strong metals
      - Physical prop: High mp + bp
      - Chemical prop: More than 1 possible charge
      - Chemical prop: Forms colored compound
      - Chemical prop: Have catalytic prop -> a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
      - Chemical prop: Generally less reactive than main group metals without being used up
- - - - Donate/Gain electrons, non-metal + metal atoms
      - Conducts electricity = presence of mobile ions
      - Features of Giant Ionic structure
        
        High mp + bp = strong ionic bond
        
        Only conducts electricity when molten or aqueous states, existence or mobile ions
        
        Most substance with giant ionic are soluble on water
        
        Hard + Brittle = strong ionic bond
    - - Share electrons, non-metal atoms
      - A covalent bond is the electrostatic force of attraction between two positive nucleus and the shared electron pairs
      - 8 elements always in pairs: H, O, F, Br, I, N, Cl, At
      - Numbers of electron shared are equal to the number of electron it lacks of octet
      - The electrons shared must be written in between the crossdot diagram
      - Crossdot diagram
      - Simple Molecular structure
        
        Most covalent compound exist in simple molecular structure
        
        Substances exist in discrete molecules
        
        Van der waai's forces
        
        BONDS ARE NOT BROKEN WHEN THEY EVAPORATE -> ONLY INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
        
        Features
        
        Low mp + bp
        
        Electrical insulations
        
        Low solubility in water
        
        Fragile
      - Giant Covalent structure
        
        Compound with a network of covalent bond
        
        No discrete molecule
        
        E.g: Diamond, Graphite, Quartz
        
        Different forms of the same element = Allotropes
        
        These allotropes of carbon have different properties because the atoms are bonded in different arrangements which creates different giant structure
        
        Features
        
        Highest mp + bp
        
        Strong covalent bonds
        
        Diamond + Quartz are insulators but graphite is a conductor
        
        All are insoluble in water
        
        Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 carbon atoms in a tetrahedral manner(Hardest nature substance used for cutting)
        
        No free electrons or mobile ions(Heat/electrical insulator)
        
        Graphite
        
        Each carbon uses 3 valence electrons from covalent bond with other carbon atoms
        
        Each carbon has 1 electron not used in bonding and is delocalized over the graphite layer
        
        Free electrons can flow through the carbon hexagon layer
        
        It is a good electrical conductor
        
        Good to use as electrodes and in electrical motors
        
        Silicon dioxide
        
        Quartz consists of network of silicon and oxygen atoms bonded covalently in 1:2 ratio
        
        Resemble structure of diamond
        
        Structure not uniform with one single element
        
        Low bp and mp than diamond
    - - Ions are held together by electrostatic force attraction between metal ions and the delocalized sea of electrons
      - Big free electrons and small metal ions
      - Electrons are free to move in all direction, a sea of electrons are formed that is free to move.
      - High mp = strong electrostatic attraction between positively charged ions(cation) and delocalized electrons
      - Metals are malleable and ductile = the layers are easy to slide over one another
      - Good conductor of electricity = Presence of free delocalized electrons
      - Heat conductor = Metal can carry energy allowing it to another heat
      - Delocalizing electrons, metal elements
      - Tightly packed in a regular lattice which allows outer electrons to separate and form positively charged ions
      - Giant Metallic structure
        
        High mp + bp = strong force between metal ions + delocalized electron
        
        Good conductors of electricity and heat
        
        Insoluble in water
        
        But some of them can react with water
        
        They are generally hard with some expectations
  - - - Names end in -ide
    - - Names end in -ate/-ite
- - - - Iron
      - Cobalt
      - Nickel
      - !!Only some are magnetic
    - - Regular pattern lattice o positive ions in a sea of electrons
      - Provide conductivities to metals
      - Closed packed structure => High density
      - Metallic bonding: Electrostatic attraction between delocalized electrons of positivity charged ions
      - When a metal is hit, the layers of atoms are able to more over each other since the electrostatic force of attraction are non-directional
        
        This behavior is what makes metals: malleable and ductile
      - Bonds between atoms are not broken because the electrons are free to move, but the shape of the metal can be changed
        
        This behavior is what makes metals: malleable and ductile
  - - - Only: Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron react with steam
    - - Only: Potassium, Sodium, Calcium react with water
    - - Inert to O2: Gold, Platinum
      - Colors
        
        Copper oxide: Black
        
        Iron oxide: Orange
    - - The salt formed depends on the acid used
      - Cu, Ag, Au, Hg are inert to dilute acid(HCl)
        
        If there is enough concentration, Cu(Copper) will react
      - Never add Group 1 metal into acid = cause explosion