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UNIT 2 BIOL 102 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Origin
        
        The fixed, non-moveable end of a skeletal muscle.
      - Insertion
        
        The fixed, moveable end of a skeletal muscle.
      - Tendon
    - - Myofibrils
        
        Muscle cells (aka muscle "fibers") contain myofibrils, which are long chains of myofilaments.
      - Myofilament
        
        Made up of proteins (mostly actin and myosin); make up myofibrils within muscle cells (aka muscle "fibers").
  - - - type of muscle that can contract quickly for a short period of time.
    - - Antagonistic Contraction
        
        the action of one muscle opposes the action of the other.
        
        allowed by
        
        Reciprocal innervation: acts on groups of muscles so that when one muscle contracts, no signals are sent by the nervous system to the opposing muscle; the opposing muscle relaxes.
      - Synergistic Contraction
        
        these muscle groups (synergistic muscles) are working together to increase the force or to stabilize another muscle in the body
    - - A type of muscle that can contract slowly for long periods of time.
      - Myoglobin:
        A protein that binds oxygen which is necessary for the production of ATP.
    - - Our muscles, bones and tendons (dense connective tissues that attach bone to muscle) work together to act as a series of levers allowing for the skeleton to move.
  - - - The sarcomere has three regions:
        
        Z-bands
        
        Mark the ends of sarcomeres. When a sarcomere shortens, or when a contraction happens, it's because Z-bands are moving closer together.
        
        I-bands
        
        These are bands on either side of the Z-band where actin is not overlapped by myosin.
        
        A-bands
        
        When a contraction happens, the thick and thin filaments are overlapping each other within our A-band region.
    - - Calcium prepares actin (the "thin" myofilaments) and myosin (the "thick" myofilaments) for interaction.
      - Myosin binds to actin, and the myosin heads pull the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere (and the Z discs toward each other).
      - Each muscle fiber's sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR--a type of endoplasmic reticulum-like organelle with muscle cells) releases calcium.
      - ATP binds to myosin, allowing myosin to detach from actin, the sarcomere will lengthen (Z discs will move further apart), and the muscle will relax.
      - A motor neuron sends an impulse (an action potential) to all the muscle fibers it innervates (together, the motor neuron and its muscle fibers are called a motor unit).
    - - Calcium is stored by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released during a muscle contraction. Muscle contractions are the shortening of fibers within muscles, which act to generate force. Muscle contractions rely on calcium
    - - Twitch
        
        a single contraction that happens in response to the firing of a motor neuron.
      - Tetanus
        
        a sustained contraction that's caused by repeated muscle twitches.
- - - - A hormone that is secreted by the parathyroid glands that activates osteoclasts when our blood calcium levels are too low.
    - - A hormone that is secreted by the thyroid gland that lowers osteoclast activity in proportion to osteoblast activity when blood calcium levels are too high.
  - - - any hanging body part
        
        Pectoral Girdle
        
        upper body
        
        scapulae, clavicles and upper limbs.
        
        Pelvic Girdle
        
        lower body
        
        pelvis and lower limbs.
    - - bones that compose the vertical axis
        
        Skull
        
        made up of over two dozen bones; all of these bones are fused together by sutures.
        
        Vertebral Column
        
        Lumbar vertebrae
        
        Sacrum
        
        Coccyx
        
        Thoracic vertebrae
        
        Cervical vertebrae
        
        Ribs and Sternum
        
        Their purpose is to protect the internal organs. You actually have 12 pairs of ribs that all attach to the spine
  - - - Fibrous Joints
        
        there is no cavity between the bones. The bones are joined by a connective tissue that doesn't allow for very much movement.
      - Cartilaginous Joints
        
        type of joint in which cartilage fills the space between bones. This allows for slight movement. (example: vertebrae or pubic bones)
      - Synovial Joints
        
        contain a cavity filled with synovial fluid, which separates the bones. Synovial joints allow for a wide range of motion.
    - - Rotation and Circumduction
      - Supination, Pronation & Gliding
      - Flexion and Extension
      - Abduction and Adduction
  - - - Classifications of Breaks
        
        Complete Fractures
        
        A break in which the bone separates into two and tissue damage occurs.
        
        Compound Fractures
        
        A break in which the bone shatters causing a significant amount of soft tissue damage.
        
        Simple Fractures
        
        A break in which the bone is still in one piece and minimal or no tissue damage occurs.
      - Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
        
        The inflammation of tendons in the wrist which then press on surrounding nerves; caused by repeated motion.
      - Sprains, Strains and Dislocations
        
        Sprain
        
        A torn ligament or tendon caused by overuse.
        
        Strain
        
        An overuse injury that stretches a tendon past its normal point.
        
        Dislocation
        
        A disorder in which two bones of a joint are no longer in contact with each other.
      - Osteoarthritis
        
        The wearing away of cartilage that occurs between joints which can lead to inflammation and the formation of small protrusions on bones near the joint called bone spurs.
      - Osteoporosis
        
        A disorder in which the bone tissue deteriorates over time.
    - - Calcium has a large effect on how healthy our bones are. The more calcium that is deposited into our bones, the better, because it makes those bones stronger and denser.
  - - - Osteoclast
        
        break down bone
      - Osteocyte
        
        mature osteoblasts which give structure to osteons. functional unit of bone (contains a hollow central canal (Haversian canal) that is surrounded by bone cells (osteocytes)
      - Osteoblast
        
        build bone