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Bullying in Middle Childhood - Coggle Diagram
Bullying in Middle Childhood
Bullying
aggressive behaviour
verbal, physical, and social abuse (Ybarra et al., 2019).
victim out-powered by bully
cyberbulling
similar to traditional bullying but done online
bullies often anonymous
abuse can reach children/adolescents at any time
multiple people can see the abuse
images/texts online stay there forever
peaks during middle school years
bullying is learned behaviour
bullies try to assert dominance over others
those who show anguish after bullying episode are repeat targets
Effects of Bullying
victims
have poorer emotional, social, academic, and health development (Ybarra et al., 2019).
psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation (Holfeld & Leadbeater, 2015)
higher risk for somatic problems (i.e., colds) [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
higher risk for psychosomatic problems (i.e., insomnia, stomachaches, headaches) [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
more likely to smoke (Wolke & Lereya, 2015)
can develop borderline personality symptoms and psychotic episodes (i.e., hallucinations or delusions) [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
poor school adjustment & perceived a negative school environment [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
bullies
more likely than victims to continue engaging in aggressive/delinquent behaviours (Ybarra et al., 2019)
increased risk of suicidal ideation/self-harm (Wolke & Lereya, 2015)
less psychosomatic problems than victims [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
also show poor school adjustment [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
6th grade bullying predicts dating violence by 8th grade [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
Bullying Prevention
teachers should discuss bullying throughout the year, rather than once (Ybarra et al, 2019)
interventions should be inclusive
educators should offer realistic coping strategies
teachers should be approachable and take action when necessary
teachers should keep an open dialogue with students
intervention programs should teach children anger/stress management techniques
children never asked about their relationships with peers
Statistics
in the UK, 16,000 children aged 11-15 skipped school due to bullying [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
~50% of children refuse to tell parents [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
35-60% wouldn't tell teacher about bullying [Wolke & Lereya, 2015]
89% of Canadian teachers reported bullying as a serious problem in schools (Canadian Red Cross, n.d.)
25% of students claim teachers intervene
4-12% of boys and girls in 6th grade reported being bullied once/week or more (Canadian Red Cross, n.d.)
1 in 4 students in Alberta reported cyberbullying (Canadian Red Cross, n.d.)