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CONNECTIONS 7-9, Alllele- One or two versions of a gene., Ultrasound…
CONNECTIONS 7-9
CHAPTER 7
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Chlorophyll Is the light-absorbing pigment that plays a central role in converting solar energy into chemical energy
Electromagnetic Spectrum The entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer
Greenhouse effect The warming of the earth due to the atmospheric accumulation of carbon dioxide and certain other, which absorb infrared radiation and reradiate some of it back toward earth
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Heterotroph An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other substances derived from them (consumer or decomposer)
CAM Plants A plant that uses adaption for photosynthesis in arid condition in which carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when the stomata are closed
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Light Reactions Occur in the thylakoids. Are the first two steps in photosynthesis; Steps in which solar energy is absorbed and converted to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing the oxygen in the process
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Mesophyll Is the green tissue in the interior of the leaf. Chloroplasts are concentrated in cells of the mesophyll (Has about 30-40 chloroplasts)
NADP+ An electron acceptor that as NADPH temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions
C3 Plants A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate carbon dioxide into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate
C4 Plants A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compound, which then supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle
Photoautotroph Plants and other photosynthesizers because they use the energy of light (think cotton and wood)
Autotroph Meaning "self-feeders" (Ex: Plants) Are the ultimate source of organic molecules for almost all other organisms
Photon has a fixed quantity of energy and the shorter the wavelength of light, the greater the energy of its photons
Stoma Pores that are surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of a leaf. When opened, carbon dioxide enters the leaf and water, and oxygen leave. Plant conserves water when stomata are closed
Photophosphorylation Is the production of ATP through chemiosmosis during the light reaction of photosynthesis
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Photorespiration In a plant cell, the metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output. Phosphorespiration generally occurs on hot and dry days when the stomata close and the carbon dioxide accumulates in the leaf and rubisco fixes oxygen rather that carbon dioxide. Produces no sugar or ATP
Photosynthesis Plants use solar energy to covert carbon dioxide and water to sugars and other organic molecules
Photosystem Contains two kinds of complexes: A reaction-center complex surrounded by a number of light-harvesting complexes
Thylakoid Interconnected flattened membranous sacs. Contain chlorophyll and the molecular complexes of the light reactions of photosynthesis. Stack of thylakoids are called a granum
Calvin cycleOccurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts. Series of reactions that assemble sugar molecules using carbon dioxide and the energy-rich products of the light reactions. The second two stages of photosynthesis. Use carbon dioxide and ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions to make the sugar molecule G3P
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CHAPTER 8
Chromosome The gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and most visible during mitosis and meiosis. Consist of a vary long DNA molecule and associated proteins
Trisomy 21 A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation
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Centromere* Region of a duplicated chromosome where two sister chromatids are often joined and where spindle microtubules attach during mitosis and meiosis
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Homologous Chromosome Two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell. Homologous chromosomes are the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern. Posses same genes for the same characters of corresponding loci
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Recombinant Chromosomes A chromosome created when crossing over combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
Karyotype A display of micrographs of the metaphase chromosomes of a cell, arranged by size and centromere position. May be used to identify certain chromosomal abnormalities
Trisomy 21 8.20 A human genetic disorder resulting from the presence of an extra chromosome 21; characterized by heart and respiratory defects and varying degrees of mental retardation
Deletion 8.23 The loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene by mutation; the loss of a fragment of a chromosome
Duplication 8.23 Repetition of a part of a chromosome resulting from fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome
Inversion 8.23 A chromosome resulting from reattachment of a chromosome fragment but in the reverse direction
Translocation 8.23 (1) During proteins synthesis, the movement of a tRNA molecule carrying a growing polypeptide chain from the A site to the P site on a ribosome (2) A change in chromosomal fragment attaching to a nonhomologous chromosome; can occur as a result of an error in meiosis or from mutagenesis
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Life Cycle sequence of generation to generation stages in the history of an organism, from fertilization to the production of its own offspring
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Cell Cycle Ordered sequence of events that extends from the time a eukaryotic cell is first formed from a dividing cell until its own division into two cells
Cell Cycle Control System A cyclically operating set of proteins that triggers and coordinates events in the eukaryotic cell cycle
Interphase The period in the eukaryotic cell when the cell is not actually dividing. Interphase constitute the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle
Mitotic phase Part of the cell cycle when the nucleus divides via mitosis and its chromosomes are distributed to the daughter nuclei and the the cytoplasm divides, producing two daughter cells
Mitosis Decision of a single nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei, Mitosis and cytokinesis make up the mitotic phase of the cell cycle
Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. Usually occurs in conjunction with telophase of mitosis
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Cell Division The reproduction of a cell through duplication of the genome and division of the cytoplasm
Binary Fission Type of cell division. Means of asexual reproduction in which a parent organism divides into two genetically identical individuals
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Malignant tumor An abnormal tissue mass that can spread into neighboring tissue and to other parts if the body; a cancerous tumor
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Somatic Cell Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or an egg (Typical body cell has 46 chromosomes)
Sexual Reproduction
Fertilization Unions of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of an egg cell, producing a zygote
Gamete A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The unions of two gametes of opposite sex is what makes fertilization
Zygote The siploid fertilized egg, which reuslts from fertilization
Diploid An organism that reproduces sexually, a cell containing two sets of homologous chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent
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Asexual reproduction The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent without the participation of a sperm and egg
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Mitosis
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Prometaphase The second stage of mitosis during which he nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids
Mitotic spindle Football shaped structure of microtubule fibers and associated proteins that guide the separation of the two sets of daughter chromosomes
Metaphase Third stage of mitosis, during which the cells duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle
Prophase First stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condensed to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact
Anaphase Fourth stage of mitosis, beginning when the sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell
Telophase Fifth and final stage of mitosis, during which daughter nuclei form at the two poles of the cell. Telophase usually occurs together with cytokinesis
Cell Plate Double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis
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CHAPTER 9
Chromosomes- Threads of nucleic acid and protein that's in the nucleus, it holds genetic information (genes).
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Linked Genes- genes that are close on a chromosome, making them more likely to be inherited together.
X- linked Genes- Genetic traits that are linked to the X chromosome, meaning that they have a higher probability in males.
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Rule of Addition- The probability of events that are non related is the sum of probabilities of the individual events.
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