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Respiratory System, Accessory Muscles, Functions of Nasal Mucosa &…

- - - - Bronchi
        
        Carina(bifurcation of trachea) of the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of trachea & beginning of the bronchi
        
        Air reaching here is:
        
        Warm & cleansed of impurities
        
        Saturated w/ water vapor
        
        Have 23 branches
      - Bronchial Tree
        
        Tissue walls of bronchi that mimic that of trachea
        
        As conducting tubes become smaller, structural changes occur:
        
        Cartilage support structural change
        
        Epithelium types change
        
        Amount of smooth muscle increases
        
        Bronchioles
        
        Consist of cuboidal epithelium
        
        Have a complete layer of circular smooth muscle
        
        Lack cartilage support & mucus-producing cells
    - - Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, then to terminal clusters of alveolar sacs composed of alveoli
        
        Approx 300 mil alveoli:
        
        Accounts most of lungs' volume
        
        Provide tremendous surface area for gas exchange
  - - - Nasal area
        
        1st section of body's airway
        
        Vestibule - nasal cavity superior to the nares
        
        Vibrissae - hair that filters inspired air
        
        Olfactory mucosa
        
        Contains smell receptors
        
        Lines superior nasal cavity
        
        Respiratory mucosa
        
        Lines balance of nasal cavity
        
        Glands secrete mucus containing lysozyme & defensins to help destroy bacteria
      - Pharynx
        
        "Throat"
        
        Muscular funnel that extends from posterior end of nasal cavity to the superior end of esophagus & larynx
        
        Funnel shaped tube of skeletal muscle that connects to:
        
        Nasal cavity & mouth superiorly
        
        Larynx & esophagus inferiorly
        
        From base of skull to C6
      - Trachea
        
        "Windpipe"
        
        Connects larynx to bronchi & allows air to pass through the neck & thorax
        
        Provide clear airway for air to enter & exit lungs
        
        Flexible & mobile tube extending from larynx to mediastinum
        
        3 layers
        
        Mucosa - goblet cells & ciliated epithelium
        
        Submucosa - connective tissue deep to mucosa
        
        Adventitia - outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- - - - Internal Respiration - exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and tissues in the body