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Tuberculosis- an infectious disease caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis.…
Tuberculosis- an infectious disease caused by Myobacterium tuberculosis. usually involves lungs but can infect any organ, including brain, kidneys, and bones
Pathophysiology- M. tuberculosis is a gram-positive, aerobic acid-fast bacillus. Usually spread person to person by airborne droplets. Cannot be transmitted by touch (must be inhaled). Particles lodge in bronchioles and alveoli. grows in lungs, kidneys, epiphyses of bone, cerebral cortex, and adrenal glands.
Classifications of TB
Class 0- no exposure
Class 1- TB exposure, no infection
Class 2- Latent TB infection, no disease
Class 3- TB, clinically active. positive bacteriologic studies, significant reaction to TB skin test
Class 4- TB, but not clinically active. TB history, No current disease, positive TB test, negative bacteriologic studies.
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Symptoms
Intially
fatigue, malaise, anorexia, unexplained weight loss, low-grade fever, and night sweats
Acute presentation
high fever, chills, generalized flu-like symptoms, pleuritic pain, productive cough, acute respiratory failure
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TB meningitis
headaches, vomiting, and lymphadenopathy
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Labs and Diagnostics
Tuberculin Skin Test (TST): induration at the injection site means exposed to TB and developed antibodies
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Bacteriologic studies: stained sputum smears for acid-fast bacilli (AFB test) can identify tubercle bacilli; confirms diagnosis
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Risk Factors
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those living and working in institutions (long-term care facilities, prisons, shelters, hospitals)
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Immunosuppression such as HIV, cancer, long-term corticosteroid use
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Pharmacology
Aminoglycosides: Amikacin, capreomycin, bed
Rifampin
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anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort
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