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The reign of the Catholic Monarchs - Silvia Guisasola …

- - - - Joanna la Beltraneja (His daughter)
        
        She had the support of Portugal.
      - Isabella (His half-sister)
        
        She had married Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Aragón (1469).
        
        He became the king of Aragón (1479).
        
        It resulted in the dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón
        
        It did not result in the creation of a unitary state
        
        She had the support of Aragón
        
        She won (1479)
- - - - Viceroy
        
        He represented the monarchs in their absence
        
        Viceroy: a ruler exercising authority (normally in a colony) on behalf of a sovereign.
      - The Inquisition was established
    - - In Aragón
        
        Local governors were selected by lottery (sortition system)
      - In Castilla
        
        The monarchs appointed the mayors, who ran the city councils
    - - The diplomatic corps was expanded
    - - The Pope allowed to place Military Orders under the monarchs' control
      - Territories
        
        The most important one was the Council of Castilla (royal council)
        
        Those of Aragón and Navarra were also important
        
        Trained officials began to replace the nobles in these institutions
      - Specific matters
        
        The Council of Military Orders
        
        The Council of the Supreme Inquisition
      - The royal treasury was given greater powers
      - Councils of experts were appointed to advise the monarchs
      - They created the audiencias of Valladolid and Granada
      - The Santa Hermandad kept the peace in rural Castilla
      - An army was formed with mercenaries which could overpower the militias of the nobility
        
        Mercenary: a paid soldier
        
        Militia: it is generally an army or some other fighting organisation of non-professional soldiers who are used only in emergency situations.
- - - - In the 15th century, this anti-Semitism increased.
        
        The Christians believed that the Jews offended God
        
        Some of them were bankers and many Christians owed them money
        
        Anti-Semitism-hatred towards Jewish people.
      - In 1492, the monarchs forced them to convert to Christianity
        
        Sephardic Jews did not obey and had to scape
        
        Sephardic Jews: They were Jews who did not convert to Christianity and they had to sell their assets at a loss and leave their homes.
        
        Conversos agreed
        
        They were persecuted by the Inquisition
        
        Conversos (Converts): They were Jews who agreed to convert to Christianity and were investigated and persecuted by the Inquisition to prevent them from practising their old religion in secret.
    - - After the conquest of Granada in 1492, Cardinal Cisneros forced them to be baptised
        
        Mudéjar
        
        Many of them revolted in the Alpujarras
        
        They were Muslims who lived in Christian territories
        
        They were expelled from Castilla in 1502 and from Aragón in 1526
        
        Their departure had a negative impact on agriculture
        
        The Mudéjar were Muslims who lived in Christian territories.
        
        Moriscos
        
        Those who converted
        
        They were persecuted by the Inquisition
        
        Moriscos: They were Muslims who converted to Christianity after 1526 in Spain.
    - - It was established in Castilla in 1478
      - It was a religious court that persecuted those who committed crimes against the faith and false converts
      - The friar Thomas de Torquemada was the most famous one, due to his extreme cruelty
      - Sentences were made public in acts called autos de fé
        
        Autos de fé: it was the public declaration of the judgment passed on people tried in the courts of the Spanish Inquisition.
      - The Spanish Inquisition: it was a religious court set up in the 15th century to investigate and punish false conversions to Christianity by Jews and Muslims.
- - - - In 1493 an agreement was reached with France in which the territories of Roussillon and Cerdanya were returned to Aragón
  - - - John
        
        Margaret of Austria
      - Isabella I
        
        Alfonso of Portugal
        
        Manuel I king of Portugal (After Alfonso)
      - Juana I
        
        Felipe the Handsome House of Habsburg
        
        Their son: Carlos I
      - María
        
        Manuel I king of Portugal (After Isabella and her son died)
      - Catherine
        
        Arthur Prince of Wales
        
        Henry VIII king of England (After Arthur)
  - - - In 1512, Ferdinand conquered Navarra
      - In 1492, Boabdil, the ruler of the kingdom of Granada, surrendered the last existing Muslim state on the Peninsula
    - - Northern Africa
        
        Between 1497 and 1510, various enclaves were conquered
        
        Ceuta was conquered by the kingdom of Portugal
      - Italy
        
        Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba defeated the French at the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano (1503) and secured the Aragónese territories of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia.
      - The Atlantic Ocean
        
        The Canary Islands were conquered (1478-1496)
- - - - Transhumance livestock farming developed
        
        The shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep between seasons in search of new pastures
        
        They travelled along paths protected by the crown (cañadas reales)
        
        As the Catholic Monarchs received taxes from the wool trade, they gave numerous privileges to the association of shepherds that controlled this activity
        
        This association was called the Honrado Concejo de la Mesta
        
        Transhumance: the practice of moving livestock from one grazing ground to another in a seasonal cycle, typically to lowlands in winter and highlands in summer.
      - In 1494, Burgos Consulate was founded to control the exportation of wool
    - - The amount of pasture land increased
      - In Andalucía, vineyards and olive groves were maintained
  - - - Taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures
      - They led to a peasant uprising called the War of the Remences
      - Ferdinand ended this conflict by stopping the feudal abuses of the nobility with the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486
    - - Main ports
        
        Valencia
        
        Barcelona
- - - - Architecture
        
        The main Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
        
        Isabelline style (Also known as the style of the Catholic Monarchs)
        
        Cisneros style
      - Sculpture
        
        Domenico Fancelli
        
        He sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada
      - Painting
        
        Pedro Berruguete
    - - He was a converted Jew who went into exile to escape the Inquisition
      - He was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam ( )
      - He proposed the creation of social services for the poor and educational reforms
    - - Cardinal Cisneros, the founder of Alcalá de Henares University, financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible
    - - The philologist and historian Antonio de Nebrija published the first grammar of Castilian in 1492
        
        Philology: the study of language in written historical sources.