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Unit 13: Reasoning and Decision Making - Coggle Diagram
Unit 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
Reasoning
deductive reasoning
syllogism
judged validity
evaluation; ask people if conclusion follows logically from premises
errors; atmosphere effect, belief bias
production; ask people to indicate what logically follows from premises
conditional syllogisms
affirming the antecedent, denying the consequent, affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent ( if p then q )
The Watson Four-Card Problem; determine minimum number of cards to turn over to test
falsification principle, pragmatic reasoning schema--permission schema
Inductive reasoning
premises are based on observation--general conclusions with certainty
strength of argument
scientific discoveries--hypotheses and general conclusions--make prediction based on observation + past experiences
heuristics; availability heuristic, illusory correlations--stereotypes, representativeness heuristic (base rate information and descriptive information), conjunction rule--law of large numbers and the confirmation bias
Evolutionary Perspective on Cognition
natural selection
program for detecting cheating; in contrast to permission schema
Cosmides and Toobby (1992); created unfamiliar situations where cheating could occur--evidence against permission schema
Decision-Making
utility approach
advantages; specific procedures to determine the best choice
problems; not necessarily money, people find value in other things, many decisions involve payoffs that cannot be calculated
emotions affect decisions
expected emotions
immediate emotions
risky decisions
risk-aversion strategy; problem is stated in terms of gains
risk-taking strategy; problem is stated in terms of losses
choices
opt-in-procedure; active step to be organ donor
opt-out-procedure; organ donor unless request not to be
framing effect
The Physiology of Thinking
prefrontal cortex (PFC)
interferes with ability to act in a flexible manner--perseveration
important for reasoning, planning, and making connections among different parts of a problem or story
reasoning problems become complex; larger areas of the PFC are activated
neuroeconomics