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A Failing Pump - Coggle Diagram

- - - - S3 sound
  - - - is a key component of patient assessment, enabling the delivery of high-quality care
- - - - such as
        
        eating healthy
        
        quitting smoking
        
        limiting or avoiding caffeine/alcohol
        
        physical activity
        
        drinking enough water
  - - - such as
        
        Liver damage
        
        Heart valve problems
        
        Kidney failure
        
        Kidney damage
        
        Heart rhythm problems
  - - - includes
        
        4 classes of treatment
        
        which are
        
        Diuretics
        
        divided into
        
        loop diuretics
        
        thiazide diuretics
        
        Aldosterone Antagonist
        
        Vasodilators
        
        divided into
        
        ACE-Inhibitors
        
        A2 Receptor antagonists
        
        Nitrodilators
        
        Inotropics
        
        divided into
        
        Beta-Adrenergic Agonists
        
        Digoxin
        
        Beta-Blockers
        
        Others
        
        such as
        
        ARN-Inhibitor
        
        SGLT2-Inhibitors
  - - - A disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body
    - - Results from the buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) within
        arteries
        
        which
        
        reduce blood flow or block it
    - - Dysfunctional valves can
        
        reduce blood flow
        
        blood leak into areas where it shouldn't
        
        overload the heart muscle
    - - the narrowing and blocking of blood vessels caused by high BP
        
        that increase
        
        the risk of developing heart failure
  - - - activate the compensatory mechanisms
        
        renin-angitension aldosteron mechanism
        
        Na+ and H2O retention
        
        Vasoconstriction
        
        increase plasma volume and cardiac workload
        
        furthure stress on myocardium
        
        1 more item...
        
        Sympathetic System
        
        increase myocardial contractility
  - - - Smoking
      - Family history
      - poor fitness
      - Hyperglycaemia
  - - - 64.3 people have HF nowadays
      - High in elderly
      - 1 in 5 people develop HF during lifetime
      - 450,000 incidence and 200,000 deaths annually
    - - leading cause of death in Qatar
      - 8.3 per 100,000 Qatari males( Age: 20-44)
      - 247 per 100,000 Qataris over the age of 45
  - - - increase in the size of the cell leading to increase the size of the heart
        
        if the stimulus was
        
        Pressure overload
        
        concentric hypertophy
        
        Volume overload
        
        Dilatation
- - - - internal
        
        chest pain
      - external
        
        illness of a family member
- - - - Defined as
        
        Shortness of breath while lying horizontally
      - Caused by
        
        Pulmonary congestion due to heart failure
    - - Defined as
        
        Shortness of breath after 1-2 hours of sleep
      - Caused by
        
        Pulmonary congestion and decreased function of the brain respiratory center and adrenergic receptors in cardiac muscles
- - - - Decrease In the Cardiac output due to weakened heart muscle which causes less blood to get pumped out of the ventricles
        
        can be caused by diseases such as
        
        Myocardial infarction
        
        Dilated Cardiomyopathy
        
        Mitral valve regurgitation
        
        Aortic valve regurgitation
  - - - Improper ventricular filling due to stiffness In the myocardium
        
        can be caused by Diseases such as
        
        Myocardial infarction
        
        Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
        
        Pericarditis
  - - - Pulmonary congestion and edema
        
        which affects
        
        Gas exchange causing Dyspnea and cyanosis
      - Pulmonary edema
        
        which causes
        
        Cough " Frothy sputum" and orthopnea
  - - - Congestion of the peripheral tissues
        
        causing
        
        Fluid accumulation
        
        Liver congestion
- - - - if preload increase
        
        greater senstivty to Ca
        
        Increase Ca entery
        
        increase overlap between actin and myosin
- - - - Right atrium
    - - Right and left ventricle
    - - Right and left auricles
    - - Left ventricle and Left auricle
    - - Anterior IV sulcus
      - Coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus
      - Great cardiac vein
      - Sternocostal surface
    - - Formed mainly by the left ventricle and partly by the right ventricle
  - - - intercalated discs
- - - - which has
        
        high accuracy
  - - - Probability that who tested +
        
        have the disease
      - calculated by
        
        TP/TP+FP
    - - Probability that who tested -
        
        do not have disease
      - calculated by
        
        TN/TN+FN
    - - when there is no disease
        
        how many tested -
      - calculated by
        
        TN/TN+FP
    - - positive
        
        to roll in disease
        
        calculated
        
        sensitivity/ 1-specificity
      - negative
        
        to roll out disease
        
        calculated
        
        1-sensitivity/ specificity
    - - when there is a disease
        
        how many tested +
      - calculated by
        
        TP/ TP+FN