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Bonding - Coggle Diagram

- - - - See the study guide on the three states of matter to see how bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances.
      - Energy must be transferred to a substance to make it melt or boil. This energy overcomes the strong electrostatic forces of attraction which act in all directions between the oppositely charged ions:
      - some forces are overcome during melting
      - all remaining forces are overcome during boiling
      - The more energy needed, the higher the melting point or boiling point. Since the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions are strong, their melting and boiling points are high.
      - Explanation
      - Ionic compounds are held together by electrostatic forces between the oppositely charged ions. These forces are usually referred to as ionic bonding. As the ionic lattice contains such a large number of ions, a lot of energy is needed to overcome this ionic bonding so ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points.
      - The strength of the ionic bonds depends on the charge on the ions. Ions with higher charge will have stronger forces between them, so will need more energy in order to overcome these forces.
      - Ionic bonds between Mg2+ and O2- ions are stronger than those between Na+ and Cl- ions
        
        Conducting electricity
        
        A substance can conduct electricity if:
        
        it contains charged particles, such as ions, and
        
        these particles are free to move from place to place
        
        An ionic compound can conduct electricity when:
        
        it has melted to form a liquid, or
        
        it has dissolved in water to form an aqueous solution
        
        Both these processes allow ions to move from place to place. Ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity in the solid state because their ions are held in fixed positions and cannot move.
- - - - An atom of sodium has 11 electrons. The first two fill the innermost energy level. The second energy level is also full, holding eight electrons and one electron remains in the outer energy level.
      - Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same number of outer electrons.
      - It is the number of outer electrons that give an element its chemical properties. This is why elements in the same group of the periodic table have similar properties.