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Basic Life Support - Coggle Diagram

- - - - old age
      - undiagnosed heart conditions
    - - causes
        
        Chest Trauma
        
        PULMONARY CONTUSION
        
        is often a serious consequence of a flail segment and can lead to death
        
        Bleeding within the lung tissue
        
        Bleeding occurs in and around the alveoli and into the free space that separates the alveoli and capillaries. REDUCES EXCHANGE OF o and co2 ➡️ Hypoxia
        
        PNEUMOTHORAX
        
        Is the accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, causing collapse of a portion of the lung (UNILATERAL)
        
        Tacypnea
        
        Chest pain
        
        Dyspnea(shortness of breathe )
        
        Absent breath sounds on affected sounds
        
        HEMOTHORAX
        
        Bleeding will in and around the lung will commonly produce a pink or red frothy sputum when patient coughs
        
        The thoracic cavity is filled w/ blood rather than air
        
        CARDIAC CONTUSION
        
        Is a common cardiac injury following severe blunt trauma to the chest
        
        TRAUMATIC ASPHYXIA
        
        S/S bluish or purple discoloration of the face, head , neck , and shoulders; Jugular Vein Distention, cyanosis swollen tongue & lips bleeding of the conjunctiva
        
        Is brought about when severe and sudden compression of the thorax causes a rapid increase in pressure in the chest
        
        Pericardial Tamponade
        
        OPEN PNEUMOTHORAX
        
        Seal w/ gloved hand then occlusive dressing
        
        Is a result of an open wound to the chest created by a penetrated object. "Sucking chest wound"
        
        COMMOTIO CORDIS
        
        Sudden cardiac arrest from blunt force applied to the precordial area of the anterior chest (often young males)
        
        TENSION PNEUMOTHORAX
        
        Poor cardiac output, hypotension from a reduced preload, ineffective ventilation, inadequate oxygenation, and severe hypoxia
        
        Is an immediate life-threatening condition resulting from a pneumothorax that continues to trap air in the thoracic cavity w/ no relief or escapeY
        
        FLAIL SEGMENT
        
        A flail segment occurs when two or more ribs have been fractured in or or more places
    - - ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
        
        Complication
        
        Collateral circulation
        
        Process which a system of smal, normally closed arteries connect and start to carry blood to part of the heart when a coronary artery is blocked, or to part of the brain when a cerebral artery is blocked. These arteries can serve as alternate routes of blood supply
        
        Tissue damage
        
        Due to
        
        Decreased arterial supply
        
        Reduced venous drainage
        
        Angina pectoris
        
        Stable
        
        Pain occurs due to
        
        Anaemia
        
        Increased cardiac mass
        
        Hypertrophy therefore may reflect important non-cardiac disease
        
        Smoking
        
        Alcohol consumption
        
        After large meal
        
        overexertion
        
        Extreme hot/cold temperature
        
        Extreme emotional stress
        
        During or after extreme exercise
        
        Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
        
        decreasesing blood flow so can't accomadate metabolic demand of the myocardium during exertion
        
        Signs
        
        Diaphoresis (increased amount of sweating)
        
        Shortness of breath
        
        Symptom
        
        Numbness that can be felt along the arm, neck and jaw
        
        Stable pattern of pain which dissapears after a few minutes
        
        Diagnosis
        
        Angiography
        
        ST segment depression on EKG due to subendocardial ischemia
        
        Management
        
        Rest
        
        Treatment
        
        Nitroglycerine
        
        Reversible injury to myocytes (no necrosis occurs)
        
        Prinzmetal
        
        Unstable
        
        Chest pain that occurs at rest and sleep and can last for 20 minutes and more
        
        Complication
        
        High risk of progression to Myocardial Infarction
        
        Worsened by
        
        Secondary thrombus
        
        Distribution of an atherosclerotic plaque
        
        Treatment
        
        Nitroglycerin
        
        Occurs when
        
        Rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque with thrombosis and incomplete occlusion of a coronary artery.
        
        Reversible in jury to myocytes occur
        
        Diagnosis
        
        ST segment depression on EKG due to sub endocardial ischemia
        
        Symptoms (less predictable, occur during rest and are more serious)
        
        3 epicardial coronary artery
        
        Left coronary artery
        
        Left anterior descending coronary artery (supplies the apex, septum anterioir 2/3 and anterior wall of the Left Ventricle)
        
        Left circumflex artery
        
        Right coronary artery
        
        Posterior inferior in ECG
        
        Chronic ischemic heart disease
        
        Myocardial infarction
        
        Symptoms
        
        Not relieved by Nitroglycerin
        
        Nausea
        
        Severe crushing chest pain that radiates to the left arm and jaw
        
        Weakness
        
        Vomiting
        
        Caused when
        
        Emboli
        
        Infarction occurs in left ventricle
        
        Infarction of the LAD leads to infarction of the anterior wall and anterior septum of the LV
        
        Vasculitis
        
        Kawasaki disease (presents in pediatrics)
        
        Causes of coronary arterial vasospasm (due to Prinzmetal, Angina or Cocaine)
        
        Occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) leads to infarction of the posterior wall, posterior septum and papillary muscles of the LV
        
        Signs
        
        Dyphoresis
        
        Dyspnea
        
        Myocardial necrosis of cardiac myocytes due to ischaemia
        
        Rupture of atherosclerosis plaque with thrombosis and complete occlusion of coronary artery
        
        Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD)
        
        Occurs when
        
        Sudden large coronary thrombosis on an atheromatous plaque
        
        Secondary to an arrhythmia in chronic ischemic heart disease
        
        Ventricular fibrillation
        
        Pre-existing severe atherosclerosis
        
        Coronary arterial spams (due to cocaine use)
        
        Mitral valve prolapse
        
        Death occurs within an hour of onset of symptoms though often virtually instantaneous. Can also occur without symptoms
- - - - A.C.V.P.U
        
        Unresponsive
        
        no response from the patient at all
        
        Check pulse
        
        carotid pulse check
        
        10 seconds maximum
        
        1 more item...
        
        Check Breathing
        
        Place ear over Patients nose/mouth
        
        look down centre of body towards feet
        
        2 more items...
        
        feel/hear breath
        
        AGONAL BREATHING
        
        Occurs after the heart stops in up to 40% of cardiac arrests
        
        Described as heavy, noisy or gasping breathing
        
        Recognise as a sign of cardiac arrest
        
        Alert
        
        Is the patient naturally alert, tracking you with eyes
        
        Confused
        
        is the patient responsive but seems confused
        
        new confusion
        
        normally GCS 15/15
        
        old confusion
        
        known dementia
        
        Voice
        
        is the patient only responding to your voice
        
        Pain
        
        does the patient respond to pain
        
        trapezius
        
        ear lobe
      - general observations
        
        position of the patient
        
        any movement
        
        colour of patients skin
        
        normal
        
        pale
      - Catastrophic haemorrhage
        
        Initial treatment
        
        direct pressure
        
        indirect pressure
        
        pressure points
        
        torniquet
        
        dressings
        
        type
    - - check for danger
        
        yourself
        
        others
        
        crewmates/staff
        
        patient
    - - trauma
        
        consider C-spine
      - medical
        
        ? cause
    - - ambulance
      - fire service
      - police
      - RNLI
      - gas
      - highways
      - MOD
    - - respect form
      - DNAR
      - advanced directive
    - - how many casualties
        
        0ne
        
        treat as you find
        
        two
        
        approach with caution
        
        three
        
        stand off consider cause, chemical, biological