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Hyperkalemia - Coggle Diagram
Hyperkalemia
Internal balance shift
Insulin deficiency
- After a meal flc increase in the blood and in the same time insulin is release, binds to a cell and let the uptake of glc + increase activity of sodium/potassium pump
- With Type 1 diabetes They don't make enough insulin, so when they eat a meal (with a lot of potassium) = potassium sit in the blood instead of being taken in the cell
- Hyperkalemia
Acidosis
- When blood become to acidic bc there is a lot of hydrogen ion = Low blood pH
- To lower the blood pH would be to move the hydrogen ion out of the blood vessels -> Inside the cell
- For that, cell use a channels that let in H+ but let out K+
- Hyperkalemia
Repiratory acidosis
- Carbon dioxide instead of H+
- Carbon dioxide = lipid soluble = go freely inside the cell
- No hyperkalemia
Hyperosmolarity
- Osmotic gradient pulls water out of cells and into the extracellular space
- Less water in the cells increases potassium’s concentration gradient, and pushes more of it out of the cell and into the blood
- Hyperkalemia
Cell lysis
- When a large number of cells die or lyse, potassium is released into the blood
- Hyperkalemia
- Severe burns, rhabdomyolysis or breakdown of skeletal muscle, and tumor lysis as a result of chemotherapy
Exercise
- Depletion of ATP triggers potassium channels on the membrane of muscle cells to open up, which allows potassium to moves down its electrochemical gradient and out of the cell
- Combined with beta-blockers or kidney issues, strenuous exercise can lead to hyperkalemia
Total body K+
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- Difference of charge between 2 compartments = electrochemical gradient = Electrochemical gradient = sets resting mb potential
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Internal K+ balance
- Needed for contraction of smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle
External K+ balance
- Dietetary = 50-150 mEq/L
- Our body need to excrete most of what's taken in
Kidneys (most)
- Where excess potassium is secreted into a renal tubule and excreted in the urine
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CM, Diagnosis, treatments
Clinical manifestations
- Membrane potential -> more positive -> causing contraction -> mild intestinal cramping
- Resting membrane potential gets so high that it’s above the threshold potential, meaning that once the muscle depolarizes and contracts, it can’t repolarize to allow another contraction = weakness and flaccid paralysis
- Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest
Diagnosis:
- K+ in blood over 5.5 mEq/L
- electrocardiogram
Treatments
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- Potassium-wasting diuretics to promote potassium elimination in the kidneys
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External balance shift
Patients receiving intravenous fluids (too much K+) -> iatrogenic (=results from a medical procedure)
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Higher than normal potassium in the blood > 5,5 Eq/L
