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Catholic monarchs - Coggle Diagram
Catholic monarchs
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Economic society
Crown of Castilla
The exportation of wool was very important. Transhumance livestock farming developed, meaning the shepherds migrated with their flocks of sheep between seasons in search of new pastures. They migrated to the northern meseta in summer and headed south in winter.
The flocks travelled along paths protected by the crown called cañadas reales. As the Catholic Monarchs received taxes from the wool trade, they gave numerous privileges to the association of shepherds that controlled this activity. This association was called the Honrado Concejo de la Mesta (Honourable Council of the Mesta).
In 1494, Burgos Consulate was founded to control the exportation of wool from the Cantabrian ports (Bilbao and Santander) to the textile industries of Flanders and England, among others.
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Agriculture suffered due to the increase in livestock farming. The amount of pasture land increased, replacing the land dedicated to growing crops. In Andalucía, substantial vineyards and olive groves were maintained to produce wine and oil.
During the 16th century, the main source of wealth was precious metals (gold and silver) from the Americas
Crow of Aragon
As in Castilla, the crisis of the 14th century provoked an increase in the abuses of the nobility, known as feudal abuses' as the number of available resources declined. These abuses were taxes, fines and other arbitrary measures imposed by the feudal lords and led to a peasant uprising called the War of the Remences.
Ferdinand the Catholic' ended this conflict by stopping the feudal abuses of the nobility with the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe in 1486.
Trade in the Mediterranean benefitted from the incorporation of Italian territories into the Crown of Aragón. The main ports were Valencia and Barcelona.
Trade benefitted other economic activities like shipbuilding and the textile industry. The monarchs protected local industries by placing taxes or duties on foreign products.
Art and Culture
new humanist and Renaissance ideas spread from Europe, although in the Hispanic kingdoms medieval traditions maintained their importance.
The increase in the importance of the Castilian language. The philologist and historian Antonio de Nebrija published the first grammar of this language in 1492.
The founding of new universities and the spread of the printing press. Cardinal Cisneros, the founder of Alcalá de Henares University, financed the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. The sacred text was written in four languages: Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Chaldean, to make it easier to identify errors in translation.
The most important humanist was Juan Luis Vives, a converted Jew who went into exile to escape the Inquisition and spent the rest of his life in Flanders and England. He was a follower of Erasmus of Rotterdam and proposed the creation of social services for the poor and educational reforms.
In architecture, the main Gothic works of art were commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs
In sculpture, the Italian Domenico Fancelli was a very important artist. He sculpted the Tomb of the Catholic Monarchs in Granada.
In painting, the works of Pedro Berruguete were greatly influenced by the Flemish style.