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Software and Hardware - Coggle Diagram

- - - - meetropolitan area networks (several LANs)
        
        wide area networks (country or continent)
  - - - The hub distributes the information between the other computers. It can be replaced by a switch
        
        This information travels down a transmission medium, normally a cable with an RJ45 connector
- - - - It continuosly generates electrical impulses
        
        a 4GHz microprocessor recieves 4 billion impulses per second, and can process 64 bits at a time
  - - - It's the computer's main memory (random access memory)
      - Instructions and data are copied to this memory when we run an application, so that the microprocessor can use it, but it doesn't retain information when the computer is switched off
      - Cache memory
        
        It's a faster memory installed between the RAM and the microprocessor which stores the data used most often
        
        ROM BIOS
        
        It's a read-only memory that carries out the initial check made when you turn on your computer
        
        The BIOS starts the operating system in the main memory, so that this system can take control of the computer
    - - Magnetic disks
        
        Optical disks
        
        They store data in a series of grooves on the disc surface
        
        The disc drive emits a laser onto the disc and reflects off the flat areas. The light signal is reflected back to an optical sensor that turns it into a digital signal 0 or 1
        
        Blu-ray uses a special blue laser that allows us to store more information
        
        Solid-state memory
        
        They store information using transistors acting as switches, that can be open or closed. They include memory cards or pendrive which we connect through USB ports or other slots
        
        Hard disks are the most common
        
        They store bits by positioning million of tiny magnets in two possible orientations that represent 0 and 1
        
        To access a piece of data, the disks spins around until the read head is above the area where that piece of data is stored
  - - - Communication between the components take place through sets of copper wires called buses
    - - Microprocessor and memory
      - Slots to expand or add new components
        
        The can be PCI (peripheral component interconnect) or PCI-Express
      - The IDE (integrated device electronic) or ATA (advanced technology attachment) and SATA (serial ATA) connectors
        
        They connect the hard disk, CD drive and DVD drive to the motherboard
      - The chipset, a number of integrated circuits that control the flow of bits and determine which type of microprocessor, memory and expansion card we can use
      - Input and output ports
    - - We can physically connect devices to the computer in different ways
        
        Using an expansion slot to connect a sound card or a graphic card, by special connector devices such as hard disk or using the external ports on the computer
        
        We also need to install a driver that allows the device to communicate with the operating system
        
        We can also install new devices by using the software provided by the device manufacturer
- - - - Each letter of the alphabet has a code. These codes consist of the figures 1 and 0
- - - - Manages the system resources
    - - Types like word processors,spreadsheets, presentations,etc
    - - They can be used to create other programs and applications or develop new operating systems
  - - - The operating system finds it in the hard disk, sends a copy to the RAM and loads it onto the screen. The programs is active and recieves data from the keyboard
        
        When we save the document the operating system looks for space on the hard disk and transfers the data from the memory to that space
        
        When we close the application the operating system deletes the application from the memory but not from the hard disk
    - - Manages the microprocessor, the memory and storage systems
      - Provides an interface or working environment
      - Allows communication between applications and peripheral devices
    - - We can install programs using an installation wizard
      - We should maintain the hard disk
        
        Cleaning it usin the Liberador de espacio en disco tool
        
        Defragment it to put files in order
        
        Detecting and reparin errors selecting Propiedades and Herramientas
        
        Save power in Opciones de energía
        
        Update the system constantly through Windows Update. Or activate the automatic update in Sistema
    - - We can install and uninstall applications in the Aplicaciones menu, Añadir y quitar, and Aplicar cambios
        
        The synaptic package management program gives you more control over the installation process
        
        To keep your system updated open Gestor de actualizaciones and click on Comprobar