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JAMES JOYCE (1882-1941), other stories: third-person narrator - Coggle…
JAMES JOYCE (1882-1941)
LIFE
the eldest surviving child of 10 children, he was born in Dublin
educated at Jesuit schools and at the University College in Dublin where he gained a Bachelor of Arts in Modern languages in 1902
in spite of his Jesuit education he challenged Catholicism revolting against the official doctrine which had taken possession of Irish minds
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Nora and James had 2 children, Giorgio and Lucia, and they married in 1931
In Trieste, he had financial problems and publishers didn't want to publish his works because of supposedly obscene elements in his prose
1915 they settled to Zurich because of his being a British in the Austrian-occupied Trieste. There he continued writing thanks to several anonymous donations
1920 he moved to Paris, where Lucia's mental illness worsened until she was sent to a mental hospital. His condition was even worse due to his increasing blindness and his father's death
1940 France was occupied by Germany and they returned to Zurich, where he died after an intestinal operation at the age of 59
WORKS
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all his works were settled in Dublin, although he went into voluntary exile at the age of 22
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Ulysses
initially appeared in serial form in The little review from 1918 to 1920, when it was suspended on charge of obscenity
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PLOT:
the experiences of Mr Leopold Bloom, his wife Molly and the poet Stephen Dedalus from A portrait of the artist on a single day (16 June 1904) in Dublin
BLOOMSDAY is an annual celebration in Dublin and in the world, during which the events of Leopold Bloom's day are relived
the 3 main characters wake up, have various encounters and go to sleep 18 hours later
Bloom is an advertising canvasser. He meets Dedalus who momentarily becomes his adopted son. The alienated common man (Bloom) rescues the alienated artist (Dedalus) from a brothel and takes him home
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TECHNIQUES:
cinematic technique (flashbacks, suspension of speech)
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STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS (final Molly's monologue of 1600 lines in 8 unpunctuated sentences stating his love for Leopold)
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MODERNISM
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Meticolous collection of impressions and thoughts caused in the inner world of a character by an outer event
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Dubliners
15 short stories set in Dublin ('the centre of paralysis') lacking action but leading to a revelation
opening stories: childhood and youth in Dublin other stories: middle years of characters and their social, moral and religious affairs
groups:
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childhood
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The sisters
first-person nameless narrator, maybe the little boy
public life
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The dead
added later, it summarises the motifs of the other 14 stories and functions as an epilogue, anticipating Joyce's move toward the novel
Gabriel Conroy, his wife Gretta, Julia and Kate Morkan (Gabriel's aunts), Michael Furey, the man who died for his love to Gretta when she was 17, reminded by a song
as a Modern novelist he is hostile to city life, where compassion for others doesn't exist
Dubliners appear caught up in an endless wave of despair, unable to escape because they are spiritually weak
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EPIPHANY
a sudden spiritual manifestation caused by a trivial gesture, an external object or a banal situation that reveals the character's inner truths
this technique takes the reader beyond the usual aspects of life through the analysis of the particular
STYLE:
INTERIOR MONOLOGUE
the protagonist's pure thoughts are introduced without any reporting verbs, implying the disappearance of the narrator
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simple, objective and neutral language
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