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Pack 4 - Proteins, Enzymes and digestion - Coggle Diagram

- - - - -Central Carbon -Carboxyl group (COOH) -Amino Group (NH2) -Carbon chain(R) -Hydrogen
      - 20 different amino acids
  - - - 2 Amino Acids joined with a Peptide bond in a Condensation Reaction
      - 2 amino acids joined = Dipeptide
        3 amino acids joined = Tripeptide
        Many joined = Polypeptide
      - Positive and negative charges on the R group of different amino acids cause attraction or repulsion causing the chain to fold
      - Secondary structure
        
        2 Arrangements can be produced:
        
        α - Helix
        
        Structural proteins e.g. keratin twist to form two stranded helix while collagen form a three stranded helix
        
        Chains linked by cross bridges and are very stable, strong and flexible
        
        β - Pleating
        
        Sheets provide flexibility
        
        Tertiary Structure
        
        further folding of structure to form a 3D structure
        
        Quaternary Structure
        
        Proteins made up of more than one polypeptide chain. ie. Hemoglobin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hydrogen bonds -weak bonds but lots of them which gives the structure stability
        
        Disulfide bonds -Strong bonds (occur between two Sulphur atoms found in the R group of amino acids
        
        Ionic bonds -Form between carboxyl groups and amino groups that have not formed the peptide bond. Bonds easily broken by changes in pH
        
        Hydrophobic side chains: Repel water + pushed towards the inside of the molecule
        
        Hydrophilic side chains: Attracts water + protrude out of the molecule
        
        the folding of the protein chain due to hydrogen (H) bonds forming between the amino acids
      - The number and sequence of amino acids
    - - Long chains which are relatively straight and insoluble. Structural functions
    - - Round 3D shape and relatively soluble. Metabolic functions eg - enzymes
  - - - 2.Hormones
        
        3.Membrane proteins
        
        Structure
        
        5.Antibodies
        
        6.Muscle proteins
        
        7.Transport proteins
        
        2 more items...
        
        Keratin
        
        Insulin
      - Amylase