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Elements of social interaction, Self-presentation and interacting with…
Elements of social interaction
social status: positions in society that are used to classify individuals
achieved: as a result of choice or effort
master: most identified
ascribed: given at birth; involuntary
roles
role performance: carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role
role set: various roles associated with a status
role partner: the person with whom one is interacting
groups
group conflict: negative feelings toward an out-group
reference group: standards for evaluating oneself
secondary group: business like; goal oriented
Gesellschaft (society)
primary group: direct; warm; intimate
Gemeinschaft (community)
interaction process analysis: observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups
system for multiple level observation of groups
friendly vs. unfriendly
instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive
dominance vs. submission
group conformity
group think
Networks: observable pattern of social relationships
network redundancy: overlapping connections with the same individual
immediate networks: dense with strong ties
the combination of both is favorable
distant networks: looser with weak ties
organizations (having a structure and a culture)
formal organization: explicit goals; enforcement procedure; hierarchical allotment of formal roles
characteristic institutions: basic organization of society
bureaucracy: a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control
often slow to change
the iron law of oligarchy: democratic or bureaucratic systems
naturally
shift to being ruled by an elite group
McDonaldization: shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societal practices
Self-presentation and interacting with others
Expressing and detecting emotions
social construction model: no biological basis; emotions are expressed
differently
across cultures
display rules: cultural expectations of emotions; what is appropriate & what is not
cultural syndrome: a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms among members of the
same
culture that are organized around a central theme
basic model of emotional expression - Darwin: evolutionary;
similar
across cultures
appraisal model: biological predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, as well as a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
Erving Goffman
impression management
self-presentation
theatrical performance
Impression management: attempts to influence how others perceive us
ideal self: who we would like to be
tactical self: who we market ourselves to be when we consider expectations from others
ought self
authentic self: who the person actually is (both positive & negative)
strategies
ingratiation: flattery; conforming to expectations
aligning actions: making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses
managing appearances
alter-casting: imposing an identity onto another person
self disclosure: giving information to establish identity
dramaturgical approach
back stage self: persona adopted when not in a social situation
front stage self: person they present to the audience
George Herbert Mead
I: one's own impulses
Me: part of self developed through interaction with society
considers the
generalized other
(based on a person's established perceptions of the expectations of society)
Verbal and nonverbal communication
nonverbal
often dictated by culture
ex: display rules
verbal: any form that involves words
dependent on nonverbal cues
animal signals and communication: any behavior that affects the behavior of another
facial expression - more highly conserved b/w species than body language
visual displays
scents: both intra and interspecifically
vocalizations