LU 7: Intelligence
What is Intelligence
definitions
mental abilities that enable one to adapt to shape or select one's environment
ability to judge, to comprehend, and to reason
ability to understand and deal with people, objects and symbols
ability to act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with the environment
the psychometric approach (Spearman)
" g " factor; task measuring general intelligence might correlate because they are influenced by a single, underlying, unitary process
" s " abilities
fluid intelligence
crystallized intelligence
Gardner's theory (Howard Gardner's)-multiple intelligences
language, musical, logic and mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal
Theories and Tests of Intelligence
IQ tests; Binet and Simon
The Stanford-Binet Test
The Wechsler tests; verbal and performance/non-verbal, each have 6 subscales, test profile of strengths and weaknesses to plan educational and other interventions
Raven's Progressive Matrices--culture-reduced tests
Evaluation of Intelligence Tests
The Standardization of IQ Tests; estimate likelihood of the occurrence of a score
The distribution of IQ Scores--normal distribution
a mean scores-100, standard deviations-15
scores fall more than 2 standard deviations units above-gifted
scores falling more more than 2 units below it- mentally retarded
the scores used to analyze strengths and weaknesses, design an educational program to meet the needs
restandardizations-The Flynn Effect
improved health and nutrition, better education, increased opportunity for visual-spatial stimulation, improved test-taking skills
Reliability
reliability coefficient range 0-1
close to 1- a person's score on two versions will be very similar
near 0- the score will vary randomly between administrations
Validity-content validity, internal structure
Utility--interpreting fluctuations
Are IQ Tests Biased
English-language IQ tests are biased against non-English speakers
unpleasant reality-average black students don't do as well in American schools as do students form other ethnic backgrounds
heredity and environment