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Human Body - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The stretchy tube that food travels down from the back of the throat to the stomach
    - - Filters blood coming from the digestive tract. The liver produces bile that aids in the digestion of fatty foods
    - - the teeth breakdown food into smaller pieces. saliva contains enzymes that begin chemical digestion
      - The tongue pushes food to the esophagus
    - - Stores food that arrives from the esophagus
      - Breaks down the food with acid and physical churning Empties into the small intestine
    - - Stores bile produced by the liver until it's needed to break down fatty food
    - - Secretes enzymes into the small intestine to further break down the food
    - - Breaks dow food into smaller parts using enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. most nutrients are absorbed here
    - - Receives waste from the small intestine It absorbs any remaining water and transmits anything else as waste.
    - - The last part of the large intestine before reaching the anus where waste is expelled
- - - - Produce millions of sex organs which can only be seen under a microscope
    - - ovaries produce eggs wihch will once will usually will be released once in a month this is what sometimes causes twins, triplets, etc...
    - - Male reproductive cell which is very important in the reproductive system
      - Sperms jorney to the egg and how human life begins
        
        The sperms in the testes of a male are transferred through the penis into the female’s vagina.
        
        The sperms find their way to meet the egg inside the female’s body.
        
        If a sperm meets an egg, they fuse.this is known as fertilization only one sperm can fertilize the egg.
        
        The male and female are now the father and mother of the fertilized egg.
        
        The fertilized egg divides to form more and
        more cells.
        
        1 more item...
- - - - The area where the nasal cavity and the mouth connect
    - - Moves air towards lungs
        
        Moves food toward the esophagus and
        then to the stomach
        
        A : flap of cartilage in your throat that moves back and forth
    - - Often called the
        windpipe.
        
        Tubes surrounded by cartilage rings to keep it open
        
        Tubes that allow air to flow to the lungs
    - - Each leads into a lung
        
        The trachea divides into two pieces called bronchi in the center of the chest.
    - - Once in the trachea in the lung they branch out and they from bronchioles
    - - Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
      - Carbon Dioxide and oxygen are exchanged here
    - - Left lung is smaller than the right
      - If our lungs were spread out it would cover a tennis field
    - - A layer of muscle under the lungs
      - Makes it possible for lungs to fill with air
      - When you inhale the diaphragm moves down so that the lungs can expand
      - When you exhale, the diaphragm moves up forcing the air to leave the lungs
    - - All the particles are released when you sneeze
      - Warms the air that you breathe
      - Filled with tiny hairs called cilia and mucus which trap dirt, pollen, etc...
    - - Often called the voice box
      - It has the fold of a tissue and its about the size of your thumb that allows us to speak
- - - - are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
      - The aorta is the largest artery in the body.
    - - are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
    - - The heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
      - The heart is about the size of your fist.
      - Each time the heart beats, it pushes blood through the it pushes blood through the network of arteries and veins called the cardiovascular system.
      - 4 Chambers of the heart:
        
        The heart has 2 sides (right and left) that are separated by a wall of muscle called the Septum
        
        Pacemaker cells – cells located in the right atrium that control the heart rate by electrical impulses.
        
        Each side has 2 chambers (upper and lower)
        
        Each upper chamber is called an atrium (receives blood that comes to the heart)
        
        Each lower chamber is called a ventricle (pumps blood out of the heart)
    - - Blood flows from arteries to capillaries, and from capillaries to veins.
      - There are 4 components of blood
        
        Plasma
        
        Most materials carried in the blood travel in the plasma; nutrients like glucose, fats, vitamins, minerals and chemical messengers that direct body activities.
        
        It also carries waste away from the cells.
        
        The liquid part of blood
        
        Red blood cells
        
        carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body.
        
        White blood cells
        
        fight diseases.
        
        Platelets
        
        are cell fragments that form blood clots that help to repair the cells and body.
- - - - Any change inside or outside your body
      - The nervous system helps respond to stimuli
    - - Nerve cells
      - Basic unit of structure and function in the nervous system
      - Parts of a Neuon
        
        Cell Body: largest part that controls activity of the cells
        
        Dendrites thread-like structures that carry message to the cell body
        
        Axon: tail-like structures that carry messages away from the body
      - Types of Neurons
        
        Sensory Neurons: sense changes and carrys the message to the brain and the spinal cord
        
        Interneurons: translate the message to the brain and connect sensory to motor neurons.
        
        Motor neurons: revives messages from the brain and make movement
      - Nerve impulse
        
        There are tiny gaps between neurons called synapses
        
        In the form of electrical and chemical signatures
        
        Nerve impulses have to jump over the gaps
        
        The path of message in the nervous system
    - - Central Nervous System: made up of the brain and spinal cord
        
        Central Nervous system: The brain
        
        Cerebrum: largest part that controls voluntary activities
        
        Cerebellum: coordinates muscle action and maintains balance
        
        Medulla: connect brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary actions
        
        Central Nervous System: The Spinal Cord
        
        Protected by the vertebrate
        
        Connects the brain to the rest of the Nervous System
        
        Makes reflexes possible which is the response to stimuli
      - Peripheral Nervous System: network of nerves branching out from the brain and the spinal cord
        
        Link between the central nervous system and the rest of the body
- - - - Thymus- located in chest and helps produce white blood cells to help fight disease
      - Adrenal- on top of the kidneys that regulate water and salt balances, fight allergies
        and produce adrenaline.
      - Parathyroid- controls calcium use and helps bone growth in young children
      - Adrenaline makes the heart beat faster.
      - Thyroid controls metabolism (when your body changes food into energy)
      - Pancreas- releases insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels
      - Hypothalamus gateway between nervous and endocrine systems
      - Ovaries- sexual development in females
      - Pituitary Glands: main main gland which controls growth, sexual development, and water absorption into the kidneys
      - Testes- sexual development in males
- - - - Saliva contains many particles that break down particles
      - Hair like structures called cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing and swallowing
      - When you breathe foreign particles bump into mucus and get stuck
      - The dead outer layer of skin, known as the epidermis forms a shield against invaders
    - - Phagocytes: responsible for eating These white blood cells are foreign particles by engulfing them. Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called lysosomes.
      - T-Cells: T-Cells, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells. T-cells will attack these infected cells, quickly kill them, and then continue to search for more cells to kill.
      - If the invaders get into the body then your white blood cells will start to attack them by entering the bodies tissues if invaders are detected
      - The Inflammatory Response: Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory response.
        
        Capillaries dilate, Pyrogens are released, reach the hypothalamus, and body temperature rises, Pain receptors activate, While blood cells flock to infected area like sharks when they see blood
    - - Most infections never make it past the first and second defence. However those that do trigger the production and release of antibiotics
        
        Proteins that latch onto, damage, clump, and slow foreign particles
        
        Each antibody binds only to one specific binding site, known as an antigen
        
        Antibody Production: White blood cells gobble up invading particles and break them up
        
        They show the particle pieces to T-cells, who identify the pieces and find specific B-cells to help.
        
        B-cells produce antibodies that are equipped to find that specific piece on a new particle and attach.