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Renal obstruction, Stasis of urine: stoppage of the flow or discharge of…
Renal obstruction
Obstructive disorders
- Any age
- Can involve any level of the urinary tract (from urethra -> Renal pelvis)
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Clinical manifestations
Most commonly, the person has:
- Pain
- Signs and symptoms or urinary tract infection
- Manifestations of renal dysfunction (impaired ability to concentrate urine)
Manifestations of urinary obstruction depend on:
- Site of obstruction
- The cause
- The rapidity with which the condition develop
Not a good indicators of obstruction:
Pain
Severity is related to the rate, rather than the degree
- Chronic obstruction may not cause pain
- Gradual obstruction may produce only vague abdominal or back discomfort
Result of distention of the bladder, collecting system, or Renal capsule
Related to the site of obstruction:
- Renal pelvis or upper ureter = pain tenderness in flank area
- Lower levels = pain may radiate the testes or labia
Renal calculi
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Etiology:
- Anatomic changes in urinary tract structures
- Metabolic and endocrine influences
- Dietary and intestinal absorption factors
- Urinary tract infections
Etiology theory:
✦ The saturation theory states that the risk of stone formation is increased when the urine is super-saturated with stone components (e.g., calcium salts, uric acid, magnesium ammonium phosphate, cystine)
✦ The matrix theory proposes that organic materials, such as mucopolysaccharides derived from the epithelial cells that line the tubules, act as a nidus for stone formation.
✦ The inhibitor theory suggests that persons who have a deficiency of proteins that inhibit stone formation in their urine are at increased risk for stone formation.
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Stasis of urine: stoppage of the flow or discharge of urine, at any level of the urinary tract
Hydronephrosis: kidney swells due to the failure of normal drainage of urine from the kidney to the bladder
Although both kidneys are exposed to the same urinary constituents, kidney stones tend to form in only one kidney.