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MEASLES MUMPS AND RUBELLA (MMR) - Coggle Diagram
MEASLES MUMPS AND RUBELLA (MMR)
MEASLES MUMPS AND RUBELLA
diseases mostly of childhood
all caused by single stranded RNA viruses
each can be readily controlled by vaccines
MEASLES
most dangerous
caused by paramyxovirus (Morbilivirus)
very infectious drops can remain in air for 2 hours
before vaccination 95-98% of children got measles
spread via respiratory droplets
described 1000 years ago by arabian physician Rhazes
more serious in adults
very few asymptomatic or sub clinical cases
SYMPTOMS
8-12 days incubation period
virus spreads throughout the body in lymphoid tissue
begins with fever
conjunctivitis develops
rash first noted on face and neck as red patches 3-8mm diameter
kopliks spots in mouth
rash lasts for 3-7 days
COMPLICATIONS
more likely in malnourished children
virus suppresses parts of immune system
damages epithelial cells
opportunistic infections of the lungs follow damage from virus
ear infections 14%
diarrhoea 8%
encephalitis occurs in 1 of 1000 cases
Subacute Sclerosing PanEncephalitis (SSPE)
caused by virus in nervous system for years
involves seizures, behavioural disorders and progression to vegetative state
children are most infectious before rash appears
antibodies to measles are formed
TREATMENT
diagnosis is by observation of symptoms
no specific antiviral treatment
antibiotics prescribed to secondary eye and ear infections & pneumonia
vitamin A supplements for children
prevention is by vaccination
good candidate for global eradication
safe, effective and inexpensive
immunity is lifelong
result in 80% drop in deaths between 2000 and 2017 worldwide
MUMPS
caused by paramyxovirus (Rubulavirus)
spread by airborne droplets, salivary secretions, fomites and possibly urine
virus grows in lymphoid tissue
after 7-10 days localises in salivary glands and other glands
swelling of necks glands is painful
can get fever, headache
recovery within ~1 week
COMPLICATIONS
orchitis: swelling of the testicles
occurs in ~20-30% of males
can lead to infertility issues
additional rare complications oophoritis and mastitis
encephalitis is rare
can lead to deafness
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
diagnosis by observation of symptoms
can test for IgM
no specific anti-viral treatment
only one serotype of the virus
prevention is by MMR vaccine
RUBELLA
german measles
caused by togavirus (Rubivirus)
transmitted by respiratory droplets
close contact needed for transmission
mild disease of childhood
rash is less intense that with measles
less contagious than measles
SYMPTOMS
in children, mild or absent
rash may be present
adults: fever and malaise
60% of women get joint pain
virus can be found in synovial fluid
COMPLICATIONS
teratogenic agent
CONGENITAL RUBELLA SYNDROME
damage to foetus occurs from combination of virus induced cellular damage
effects are less if infection occurs after 1st trimester
children with syndrome can have cataracts, rash, deafness, persistent diarrhoea and cardiovascular anomalies
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
diagnosis - observation and testing for IgM
no specific antiviral treatment
only 1 serotype of virus
prevention by MMR vaccine
MMR VACCINE
given to children 12-18 months
booster given at 3-5 years
not to immunocompromised drugs
RISKS OF MMR
MILD PROBLEMS
fever
mild rash
swelling of neck glands
MODERATE PROBLEMS
seizures
temporary joint pain in teens
temporary low platelet count