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pressures on the USSR (chapter 16), Krushcheves era was seen as a…
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Krushcheves era was seen as a differentiation within communism as long as countries remained loyal by staying in the Warsaw pact
this was one of the reasons Krushchev conflicted with Mao Zedong as Chinese communist demanded a more orthodox approach
due to the failures of the Cuban missiles crisis and berlin crisis Khrushchev resigned in 1964 and Brezhnev quickly gained power
his aims where establishing the Ussr domestically and internationally however repression also rised with corruption epecially in Czech
brezhevs aims was stability in Europe and do this he wanted economic progress in eastern bloc countries this was necessary for soviet prosperity
czech was a strong member of the eastern bloc but in 1963 negative growth was recorded and the czech started to to reconsider their relationship to socialism and the communist party which was the source of corruption
Moscow saw czech as a loyal socialist state until it looked like the country may revolt
signs of a revolt in 1960s as professor ota sik proposed reforms
- end to centrally planned economic targets for the whole country
- allowing individual enterprises to function
- communist party to be responsive to public opinion
- consumer rights
- workforce to have more power
the communist party was not going to allow these reforms to take place as in 1966 sik argued for political reform hoping for economic improvements this came with public support this threatened the Ussr who then intervened
in jan 1968 alexander Dubcek becomes Ussr party leader he was employed by Brezhnev to mange limited reform and stabilise czech he was a advocate for political reform
- he called for a 'true invigoration and unification of all constructive and progressive forces in our republic and a new start to socialism'
this was not what Moscow wanted but he started to replace key officials with those who wanted reform
- in April 1968 dubcek announced the action program which stated how to achieve socialism
- to do so the gov needed to allow the basic freedoms of speech press
- including travel to western countries
- recognition of the state Israel
- freedom for economic enterprises to make decisions based on consumer rights
- and increase the rights for the politically repressed
- the communist party would maintain its leading role but would recognise non-party institutions such as KAN and club K-231 who was made up of former political prisoners
the action program also called for shifting economic priorities away from heavy industry and towards consumer goods
- recognition civil liberties and personal freedom
- Dubcek assured Moscow Czech would remain loyal to the Warsaw pact
this was a time of hope and renewal for Czechoslovakia
the countries in eastern Europe was alarmed by these reforms the soviets initially just watched the Czech reaction
their was no clear opposition to the action program and the Czech communist party took it further they ended all press censorship and panned to open borders with west and discussed trade agreements with west Germany they still insisted they where loyal to socialism
the Warsaw pact countries was treated by Dubcek so subsequently they held a meeting on the 14-15 July 1968 with Ussr Bulgaria Hungary and Poland and east Germany here they expressed there concerns regarding Czech reforms
they wrote the Warsaw letter to Czech officials which stated Czechs right for internal self- determination however they argued the challenges to socialism was a threat the the entire existence of the socialist movement as it could lead to a split unity.
at the end of July Dubcek and Brezhnev held 6 meetings discussing Czechs the soviets hoped that the Czech communist party would divide and a pro soviet party would emerge and top but this did not happen
Brezhnev asked Dubcek to repeal his reforms Dubcek continued but his liberalising path
the Warsaw pact forces invaded Czech 20-21st august 1968
around 100 Czechs and Slovaks where killed with 500 injured
there was protests in Romania and china about the invasion however the inescapable truth was that Ussr had now undermined the sovereignty and integrity of Czechoslovakia. it reinforced change could not happen through party led reform
was a soviet foreign policy that proclaimed any threat to socialist rule in any state in the soviet bloc in central or eastern Europe was a threat to them all - as the Ussr feared liberal ideals spreading causing instability and threatening there security
this affirmed the right of the soviet union to intervene in the affairs of communist countries to strengthen there own communism , this was used to justify the soviet led occupation of Czechoslovakia along with earlier soviet invasions
despite this Brezhnev doctrine thousands pf Czechs demonstrated on the streets of Prague in late 1968 and the soviets found it difficult to find a new leader so Dubcek remained in power until April 1969
gustav husak took over, he conformed to the soviet line he remained until the collapse of communism in 1989 and the red army remained there until 1990
the Sino-soviet alliance was formed in 1950 this friendship represented global communist unity
however tensions aried between Mao and Khrushchev as Mao felt disrespected by the soviets and accused Khrushchev of revisionism due to attempts of peaceful co-existence
Khrushchev felt like he should be the leader of the 'communist world'
the divergence was also fuelled by the actions both govs took
- Khrushchev
indirectly supported India in its border dispute with china in 1959
withdrew technological aid from Chinese in 1960
undermined china's embryonic nuclear weapon program
did not notify china of his decision to place nuclear missiles on Cuba in 1962
- Mao
provoked USA through bombing of Taiwanese's islands Quemoy and Matsu in 1958
criticised Khrushchev's unwillingness to use nuclear weapons
though khruchves removal of missiles from Cuba was a betrayal of the Cuban revolution
overall the Chinese believed khrushcev had abandoned the struggle against capitalist imperialism and moved towards peaceful co-existence with the west instead
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in 1964 the relationship between china and Ussr had broken down and china called for the return of its territory in Siberia Khrushchev felt like this was out of hand.
however he had resigned in 1964 so this was left to Brezhnev who wanted to make peace with china so they both could support north Vietnam in opposition to us imperialism
attempt was made to reconcile but it failed this was further fuelled by the Malinovsky incident (where Malinovsky suggest to china that they get rid of Mao)
Mao was committed to hindering soviets efforts to keep china in a inferior position
in April 1965 the Ussr requested a meeting with both china and north Vietnam to for a collective response to USA
china declined the meeting as Mao wanted north Vietnam to remain dependant on china not Ussr
the Ussr proposed establishing a soviet air force in order to protect the Sino Vietnamese border but china saw this as soviet military intrusion as Mao was thought Ussr was a extreme military threat to his regime as he was adamant that Ussr was a revisionist state that had tried to reconcile with USA as Ussr was a imperialist state that wanted china's territory
in 1966 Mao embarked onto the cultural revolution he aimed to restore ideological correctness and to strengthen his own power by justifying the elimination of potential pollical rivals
mao used the Chinese red guard to intimidate ussr led by a 16 year old girl
border disputes- in face of increased hostility from china Ussr decided to station military forces in Mongolia and eastern Kazakhstan in Feb 1967 this alarmed the Chinese and reinforced their view that Ussr wanted to attack
on the 2nd march 1969 china adopted active defence when Chinese forces ambushed soviet border control near zhenbao
talks where held in Beijing to help Sino-soviet relations but Mao wasn't convinced
all effort to reconcile had failed by 1970 as china felt like they had not been treated as equals and felt hulimated.