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ADOLESCENCE, World health Organisation states that adolescence is the…
ADOLESCENCE
Behavioral
Neurological: Dopamine receptors increase rapidly in regions that control sensation-seeking, this entices reward based behaviors fueled by self and instant gratification,this can involve approval seeking with peers and indulging in risky behaviors.
(Crosnoe,Johnson,2011
)
In 2018 16% of teenagers admitted to smoking.
(PULSE,2019)
And in 2019 24.6% of 14-15 year-olds have tried alcohol.
(NIH,2021)
In 2003, the office of juvenile and justice documented how many youths ended up in custody and at what age, interestingly the numbers are at their peak mid adolescence and decline again as the youths get older.
10-12 years: 1,240
13 years: 3,460
14 years: 9,720
15 years:19,320
16 years:26,210
17 years: 25,130
18 years:10,710
19 years:3,250
20 years:2,000
(Andrea,Bruce,2010)
Isolation
Discovering Identity
Independence
Boundary testing behavior
Volatile
Aggressive
Arrogant
Develops Compassion
Selfish
Social media use is now reconisied as a behavioral addiction, contributing to poor academic skills, job loss and declines in well being.
(Meshi,Tamir,Heekeren,2015)
Behaviorism: A study using Pavlovian conditioning were used to measure differences between adult and adolescent rats using schedules of reinforcement, this resulted in conditioned responses differed between adolescents and adults. Indicating that adolescents endure difficulties.
(Meyer,Bucci,2016)
SOCIAL
School, Friends influence, peer pressure, peer approval family, social media, Advertisement,Clothes, Identity, Sexuality, role models,Independence, Responsibility,Cultural, Health, Institutions, Grief/Death,risky behavior.
Advertisement
The Advertisement of unhealthy food, alcohol and Tobacco (Including vapes) Have evidenced a heightened exposure with adolescences engaging in these risky behaviors.
(Lapierre et al, 2017)
Social Media
Role Models
Healthy Role Models:
A Case Study was set out to identify if role models contributed to externalising behaviors, internalising behaviors, substance using behaviors, and negative school attitudes. 659 African Americans in the peak of their adolescence were used as a sample size. The results showing that exposure to negative adult behavior increased the destructive traits within the adolescences.
(Hurd,Zimmerman, Xue, 2009)
Risky Behavior
Social Learning Theory suggests adolescents learn behaviors by experience, observation and learnt behaviors from individuals within their environment.
(Halgunseth et al,2013)
Sensitive period for social perception element of the brain, which develops increasingly throughout adolescence. MRI scans have shown that across the cortex, the volume of grey matter which contains mostly cell bodies and synapses decreases, wheres the white matter increases late childhood to mid twenties. For a healthy outcome, guardians/ caregivers influence is crucial. As the adolescence gets older the input from peers becomes just as influential and important.
(Orben,Tomova,Blakemore,2020)
2.3 million children in England are being brought up in dysfunctional homes.
(Children’s Commissioner for England,2021)
In 2012-2019 there has been a 26% increase in the number of 13-17 year olds being sent into care.More than a third of children in care are teenagers.
(Children’s Commissioner for England,2021)
PSYCHOLOGICAL
Erikson (1963) Identity Crisis.
Identity Vs Role Confusion (12-18yrs).
Believing each behavioral stage resulted in a outcome between two conflicting personality developments, one being positive another negative.
(Gross,1996)
Marcia (1980) extended this theory to Identity statuses
(Gross,1996)
Cognnitive, Piaget (1936)Formal operational 11 years and older. An age where their thinking becomes abstract. Being able to understand abstract ideas like love, justice. Develops ethics and values.
(Malik,Marwaha,2021)
Cognitive neuroscience.
Magnetic resonance brain imaging: Brain is different from a 8 year old to a 16 years.
(Giedd,2008)
From 2012 the number of teenagers engaging in social media has risen by 70 percent.
(Giedd,2008)
How Social media effects the brain:
Mental Health difficulties:
In 2020 one of the lead causes of deaths from the age of 15-19 is suicide.
(CDC,2022)
Self harm is increasing at an alarming rate within female adolescence.The biggest increase being between 2009 and 2015 with statistics going up by 19%.
(CDC,2022)
20% of adolescents experience mental health difficulties. 50% of mental health problems are diagnosed by age 14 and 75% by age 24.
(MentalHealthFoundation,2015)
Girls have a higher rate in depression than boys, this has been persist for decades.
(Crosnoe,Johnson,2011)
Freud(1897) 13-18 years old: genital stage;mature sexual feelings.
Ego fully developed during this stage hence the need for independence. If the child is exposed to dysfunction within this period, fulfilling healthy relationships will cease.
(Lantz,Ray,2021)
Jung(1909) At the stage of puberty consciousness is fully separated from the parents, this combined with the eruption of sexuality. Identity(Erikson,1963) Concept mixed with analytical psychology
( Feldman,Alto,1996)
EMOTIONAL
Emotions Fluctuate due to hormones.
Biological
Body changes, facial hair, fertility, growth spurts, weight gain,acne, brain development, sexual organ changes, voice deepens,sleeping patterns, muscle mass, sexual maturity, muscle mass, testosterone, estrogen
(Raisingchidrennetwork,2021)
.
Eating disorders- Teenage girls and young women are more likely to have anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or a binge eating disorder all though they can develop at any ages they more often develop in adolescence and early 20's.
(Mayo Clinic,2018)
Tanner(1940) stages:
Stage 1: No hair.
(Emmanuel,Bokor,2021)
Stage 2: Downy hair.
(Emmanuel,Bokor,2021)
Stage 3: Scant terminal hair.
(Emmanuel,Bokor,2021)
Stage 4: Terminal hair that fills the entire triangle overlying the pubic region.
(Emmanuel,Bokor,2021)
Stage 5: Terminal hair that extends beyond the inguinal crease onto the thigh.
(Emmanuel,Bokor,2021)
Anger, Isolation, anxiety, uncertainty, body shame,shame, inadequacy, jealousy, disconnection, empathy, compassion, withdrawn, subdued,hostile,volatile, submissive, sly, manipulative,identity confusion,sexuality confusion, gender confusion.
World health Organisation states that adolescence is the phase of life between childhood and adulthood, from ages 10 to 19. It is a unique stage of human development and an important time for laying the foundations of good health
.(
World Health Organization)
