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GENETICS INTRO (Ch 1) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - cells
      - individuals
      - their offspring
      - population
  - - - NUCLEOID REGION
        
        unenclosed
    - - not true cell
        
        ensheathed in protein coat
        
        constitute viral head or capsid
  - - - eukaryotes & prokaryotes
      - deoxyribonucleic acid
    - - virus
        
        ribonucleic acid
      - nucleic acids
        
        along with carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
        
        4 MAJOR CLASSES OF ORGANIC BIOMOLECULES IN LIVING THINGS
      - DNA
        
        double strand molecule
        
        double helix
        
        hereditary units (genes)
        
        part of chromosomes (larger element)
        
        4 chem building block
        
        nucleotides
        
        DNA segment
        
        sequence
        
        gene
        
        chem nature of protein
        
        1 more item...
        
        chem nature (amino acid composition
        
        nucleotide sequence (genetic code)
        
        if altered
        
        2 more items...
        
        GENE CODE ORGANIZATION
        
        4 diff nucleotides
        
        each vary in 1 component
        
        NITROGENOUS BASE
        
        gene code
        
        triplet
        
        combi of 3 nucleotides
        
        code word
        
        all possible code
        
        1 more item...
        
        Expression
        
        coded DNA info
        
        tranferred
        
        1 more item...
  - - - replication
      - mutation
      - expression
  - - - long, circular DNA molecule
        
        organized gene
      - 1 chromosome
    - - many chromosomes
        
        intimate association w/ proteins
    - - viral head/bacterial cell
        
        electron microscope
      - eukaryotes
        
        light microscope
        
        mitosis or meiosis
        
        chromatin uncoils in interphase
    - - eukaryotic
        
        diploid number (2n)
        
        somatic cell
        
        pairs
        
        nearly identical
        
        HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
        
        centromere
        
        spindle fiber attachment
        
        has LOCI (gene site)
        
        pair with another
        
        gamete formation (processes of meiosis)
        
        haploid (n)
        
        no of diff. types of chromosomes in diploid spp. = # of haploid
        
        yeasts
        
        polyploid
        
        plant spp
        
        more than 2 sets of chromosomes
  - - - duplicate & distribute gene mat
        
        cell division
        
        eukaryotic
      - progeny cells
        
        identical to progenitor cell
      - somatic tissue
    - - cell div
        
        gametes
        
        animals
        
        spores
        
        plants
      - 1/2 gene mat
        
        gamete
        
        1 member of each homologous pair
        
        haploid
        
        maintain constant # of chromosome
        
        offspring
  - - - CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
        
        chromosomal aberrations
        
        chromosome segment
        
        duplication
        
        deletion
        
        rearrangement
      - GENE MUTATIONS
        
        genotype
        
        change in stored chem info in DNA
        
        nucleotides
        
        duplication
        
        deletion
        
        substitution
        
        compose chem info
        
        alleles
        
        from mutation
        
        alt form of gene
        
        PHENOTYPE
        
        change in characteristics
        
        not always
  - - - control cell metabolism
      - determine carbs, lipids, nucleic acid present in cell
    - - hemoglobin
      - collagen
      - immunoglobins
      - hormones
    - - lower activation energy
        
        biochem reaction
      - speed attain equilibrium
- - - - gene manipulation
      - tree improvement
        
        high resistance
        
        high production
      - biological control
        
        pest & diseases
  - - - mother
- - - - Greek philo
      - vapors from organs unite
        
        form individual
    - - semen
        
        vitalizing
        
        highly purified blood
  - - - Dutch scientist
      - sex cells
        
        miniature adults
        
        homonculus in man seen in spermatozoon
    - - German
      - epigenesis
        
        experimental evidence
        
        theory, now generally held, that an embryo develops progressively from an undifferentiated egg cell.
        
        sex cells
        
        drops of structureless liquid
    - - Wolff exagerrated
      - discovered & seen dog egg cell
      - detailed description of chick embryonic dev't
  - - - France
      - particle
        
        each body part
        
        unite in sexual reproduction
        
        form new individual
        
        particle from male or female may dominate
  - - - particles (gemmules)
        
        in blood
        
        concentrated in sex organs
        
        from both parents
        
        blend
        
        form new individual
      - Weismann
        
        German bio
        
        disproved
        
        cut rat tails
        
        22 gen
- - - - principles of heredity & variation
    - - traits
        
        generation to generation
  - - - elementary units
      - passed between generations
        
        uniform predictable
- - - - genetic constitution (internal)
      - environmental (external factors)
- - - - breeding
      - cultural practices
- - - - 2 imp gene attribute
        
        gene is inherited from gen to gen
        
        progeny has phys copy of gene
        
        gene gives info
        
        structure
        
        function
        
        bio properties of individual