concept map: Endocrine Vannessa Flores p.5
Major functions of the endocrine system
Secretes hormones into blood
Works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
Major endocrine Glands
Adrenal Gland~ sits sit on top of the kidneys, enclosed in a layer of adipose and connective tissue
Pancreas Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Pineal Gland
Thyroid Gland~ contains 2 iodine hormones Essential for normal growth and nervous system
Reproductive Gland
Pituitary Gland
Thymus Gland
Steroid vs. Non-steroid hormones
Steroid hormones - steroid like substances, which are derived from cholesterol
Non-steroid Hormones- amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins, which are produced from amino acids
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation
Negative feedback~ as the hormone exerts its affects further secretion is inhibited by negative feedback, then decreases
Positive feedback~
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Anterior pituitary (anterior lobe)- consists of epithelial tissue
Posterior pituitary (posterior lobe)- stores hormones made by hypothalamus, releases the hormones into the blood in response to nerve impulses from hypothalamus
Hormones secreted from the Anterior pituitary Lobe: (GH) growth hormone, (PRL) prolactin, (TSH) thyroid stimulating hormone, (ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone, (CRH) corticotropin releasing hormone, (FSH) follicle stimulating hormone, (LH) Lutenizing hormone
(GH) growth hormone ~stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce
(PRL) prolactin~ Promotes milk production, following the birth of infants
(ACTH) adrenocorticotropic hormone~ controls secretion of certain hormones from the adrenal cortex
(TSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone~ Controls secretion of hormones,
(FSH) follicle stimulating hormone~ in charge of stimulating sperm
(CRH) corticotropin releasing hormone~ can be increased when under stress, which increases secretion of ACTH
(LH) Lutenizing hormone~ triggers ovulation
(TRH) is secreted from TSH stimulating the hypothalamus, as thyroid hormone increases, TSH and TRH decreases
(T4) tetraiodothyronine ~regulate metabolism of carbhydrates, lipids, and proteins
(T3) triiodothyronine ~ regulate metabolism of carbhydrates, lipids, and proteins
Calcitonin~ a hormone which lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions when too high. Deposites calcium into bones
Thyroid Disorders ~ Hyperthyroidism & Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism~ Overactivity in the thyroid gland, causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, and overeating
Hypothyroidism~ Underactivity of the thyroid gland, causes low metabolic rate, fatigue and weight gain. In infants it may cause poor growth and bone formation sluggishness.
(PTH) parathyroid hormone~ increases blood calcium, decrease of phosphate,
A negative feedback mechanism involving blood level regulates release of PTH
Parathyroid disorders: Hypoparathyroidism & Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism~ deficiency of PTH due to surgical removal or injury to glands, which results in a decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism~ excess of PTH, perhaps due to parathyroid tumor,which results in an incre\ase in blood calcium
Adrenal Cortex is exterior portion of Adrenal gland, contains the steroid: Aldosterone,Cortisol, and sex hormones
Adrenal Medulla is interior portion of adrenal gland secretes: Epinephrine used in fight or flight responses, increases heart rate and blood glucose.
cortisol~ increases blood glucose
Aldosterone~ raises blood pressure
Sex hormones~ Adrenal androgens in male and female
Epinephrine~ blood pressure increase
adrenal hormone disorders:Addison& cushing syndrome disease
Cushing syndrome- hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Addison disease- Hyposecretion of glucorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Insulin~ decreases blood level of glucose
Glucogan~ blood level increase
Melatonin- Helps to sleep, its involved in the regulation of circadian rythms
Ovaries- produce estrogen and proestrogen
Testes- they produce testosterone
Thymosins- help with immunity
Ex. Estrogen,testosterone,cortisol,and aldosterone
Ex. noepinephrine, thyroid hormones, parathyroid, GH, prolactin
thyroid
disorders
Hyperthyroidism~ Overactivity in the thyroid gland, causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, and overeating
Hypothyroidism~ Underactivity of the thyroid gland, causes low metabolic rate, fatigue and weight gain. In infants it may cause poor growth and bone formation sluggishness.
adrenal hormone disorders:
Cushing syndrome- hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Addison disease- Hyposecretion of glucorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Diabetes mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus- insulin dependents. (need insulin injected)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus- non insulin depemdents ( werent born with insulin)