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Endocrine System Tayelar Moscal Period 5 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System
Tayelar Moscal
Period 5
Major Glands/Organs and their Functions:
Cranial Cavity
Pineal Gland:
Melatonin; controls the wake and sleep cycles
Pituitary Gland: controlled by the hypothalamus, the anterior controls the release and inhibition of hormones that get carried into the bloodstream by the hypophyseal portal veins; the posterior control holds the hormones made by the hypothalamus then releases them due to nerve impulses.
Posterior Pituitary Gland:
Antidiuretic hormone; conservation of water in kidneys
Oxytocin; contraction of smooth muscle in uterine wall
Anterior Pituitary Gland:
Growth Hormone; increases size of body cells, causes amino acids through membranes
Prolactin; produces milk after childbirth
Thyroid stimulating hormone; secretion of hormones from thyroids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone; secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex
Follicle-stimulating hormone; egg development and secretion of estrogen in females, sperm production in males
Luteinizing hormone; secretion of sex hormones
Thoracic Cavity
Thyroid Glands:
Thyroxine; increases energy released from carbohydrates, protein synthesis, and growth
Triiodothyronine; works the same as Thyroxine but fives times stronger
Calcitonin; lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid Glands:
Parathyroid hormones; increases blood calcium
Thymus Gland:
Thymosin; affects production of T lymphocytes
Abdominal Cavity
Kidneys:
Erythropoietin: helps blood cell production
Adrenal Gland:
epinephrine and norepinephrine: released into bloodstream, they stimulate stress and the "flight or fight" response
Adrenal Cortex:
Aldosterone; regulates concentration of electrolytes
Cortisol; decreases protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, stimulates glucose synthesis
Adrenal androgens; supplements sex hormones
Pancreas:
Insulin; decreases blood glucose level
Glucagon; increases blood glucose level
Pelvic Cavity
Testes:
Testosterone; controls and maintains masculine physical characteristics
Ovaries:
Estrogen; controls menstrual cycle
Progestrogen; prepares the uterus to hold and care for a fertilized egg
Steroid/Non-Steroid Hormones
Non-Steroid:
bind with receptors in the membranes of target cells
receptors hold an activity and binding site
hormones are called First Messengers
response chemicals are called Second Messengers
Signal Transduction is the series of processes that take place from the cell membrane to the inside, starting with the hormone binding
Thyroid Hormones
Oxytocin
Prolactin
Steroid Hormones:
Can pass through cell membranes
inside target cells, there are protein receptors
hormone receptors bind with DNA to activate genes to direct the formation of proteins
Estrogen
Testosterone
Cortisol
Major Functions:
The endocrine system uses hormones to communicate with cells to regulate "metabolic processes" (including: growth, sleeping, reproduction, and more). The local hormones can produce autocrine secretions that affects secretory cells or paracrine secretions that affect any adjacent cells.
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Feedback: controls hormone release, it keeps the hormones in control with just minor shifts in secretion levels. When a hormone is over secreting the gland is inhibited by the negative feedback, then stops once the hormones are stable.
Positive Feedback: Opposite of negative feedback, when hormone levels drop in order to stabilize it, positive feedback stimulates glands to secrete hormones to become normal.
Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus:
Diabetes Type 1: an autoimmune disorder stops production of insulin, this causes blood sugar levels to be too low, insulin is needed to to stand in for the missing glucose
Diabetes Type 2: Insulin is produced but is not acknowledged by cells, this leads to over production. Glucagon is needed for treatment to lower blood sugar
Adrenal Sex Hormones:
Addison Disease: lack of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids secretion
Cushing Syndrome: too much production of adrenal cortical hormones
Parathyroid Gland:
Hyperparathyroidism: Because of a tumor there could be an overproduction of PTH so then there is too much blood calcium
Hypoparathyroidism: due to damage of glands, there could be a lack of PTH this causes the blood calcium level to lower
Thyroid Gland:
Hyperthyroidism: over active thyroids causes high metabolism, overeating, restlessness, and exophthalmia
Hypothyroidism: under active thyroids causes fatigueness, low metabolism, and weight gain in adults; while in toddlers it causes abnormal mental development, sluggishness, and cretinism.