Concept Map: Endocrine System
Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5-Franco
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Sleep
Emotions and Mood
Blood Pressure
Heart Rate
Sexual function and reproduction
Body Temperature
Growth and development
Homeostasis
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Cranial Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Pituitary Gland
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus
Function: Makes hormones that control the pituitary gland, also produce hormones that are stored in the pituitary
Function: Produce hormones that help regulate other endocrine glands
Function: Produces melatonin which in daily activities like the sleep wake cycle
Parathyroid
Thymus
Thyroid
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each
category
Steroid Hormones
Non-Steroid Hormones
Are produced from a lipid called cholesterol.
Are produced from amino acids and include proteins, small peptides, and modified amino acids.
They are fat soluble, so they can diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells
They are not fat soluble, so they cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of target cells
The binding of a steroid hormone forms a hormone-receptor complex that affects gene expression in the nucleus of the target cell.
The binding of a non-steroid hormone activates a second messenger that affects processes within the target cell.
Examples: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, oestrogens and progestogens,testosterone,estrogen
Examples: Insulin and thyroid hormone,norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and epinephrine
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Negative feedback keeps the concentration of a hormone within a narrow range.
Positive feedback occurs when a product feeds back to increase its own production
Negative feedback occurs when a product feeds back to decrease its own production
The thyroid gland is a good example of this type of regulation
This type of feedback brings things back to normal whenever they start to become too extreme.
An example of positive feedback is milk production by a mother for her baby.
Positive feedback is much less common because it causes conditions to become increasingly extreme
Most hormones are controlled by negative feedback
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes): an autoimmune disorder, in which beta cells are destroyed, so insulin production stops
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (noninsulin-dependent diabetes): is when insulin is produced but is not recognized by cells
Gigantism (acromegaly): If the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone, a child's bones and body parts may grow abnormally fast
Graves' disease: Is a disease where your thyroid is making more thyroid hormone than your body needs, causes your metabolism to speed up
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Overproduction of androgens interfere with the development of eggs and PCOS is a leading cause of infertility.
Hyperthyroidism: The thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, leading to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, and nervousness.
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism
This gland releases the parathyroid hormone which regulates the level of calcium in the blood
The thymus releases thymosin which stimulates Tcell development
Adrenal Glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine which help the body deal with stress
The Pancreas produces insulin and glucagon which regulates the level of glucose in the blood
The testes produce testosterone which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male sex characteristics
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of female sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg