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Endocrine system Leslie Munguia Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine system Leslie Munguia
Period 2
Major functions of the endocrine system
works w/ the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
Hormones diffuse into the bloodstream to act on specific target cells some distance away
communicates with cells using hormones (slow) by using the bloodstream as transportation
Main Function:
It creates chemicals/hormones that arte sent around the body to maintain omeostasis
A collection of glands which produce hormones into the blood steam
growth & development
response to stress & injury
Steroid vs. Non-Steroid hormones
Non-Steriod Hormones
amines, peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins, which are produced from amino acids
Non-Steroid Hormones:
Growth Hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Oxytocin (OT)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin / TSH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Epinephrine
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Norepinephrine,
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Non-Steroid hormones need 2 receptors b/c they are non-lipid soluble, which means that they can't pass through cell membranes
Steroid Hormones
steroid-like substances, which are derived from cholesterol
Can pass through cell membranes easily b/c they are lipid-soluable
Protein receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the target cell
Steroid Hormones:
Testosterone
Aldosterone
Estrogen
Cortisol
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Negative Feedback
It is when the production of more hormones is hindered/counteracted
Controls hormone release
As hormone level rises, the hormone exerts effects, further release of that hormone is hindered by negative feedback, and then hormone release decrease
Most of the body's function is controlled by negative feedback
Release of hormones from the hypothalamus controls secretion of the anterior pituitary, and anterior pituitary hormones affect the activity of other endocrine glands
Once homeostasis is achieved, the brain turns off production of the hormone.
Positive Feedback
It is when the release of a hormone keeps being told to continue
EX: Oxytocin keeps continues to be released during childbirth
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Posterior Pituitary Hormones Disease
Diabetes insipidus: a condition resulting from insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Thyroid Disorders
Hypothyroidism
• Underactivity of the thyroid gland
• Causes low metabolic rate, fatigue and weight gain in adults
• In infants, causes cretinism: poor growth and bone formation, abnormal mental development, sluggishness
• May lead to formation of a goiter: an enlarged thyroid
that appears as a bulge in the neck
Hyperthyroidism
• Overactivity of the thyroid gland
• May lead to eye protrusion (exophthalmia)
• Causes high metabolic rate, restlessness, overeating in adults
• May lead to formation of a goiter: an enlarged thyroid that appears as a bulge in the neck
Anterior Pituitary Hormones Diseases
GH Imbalances
Pituitary dwarfism: Due to GH deficiency during childhood
Acromegaly: Due to GH oversecretion in adulthood
Gigantism: Due to GH oversecretion during childhood
Hormones of the Pancreatic Islets Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM)
an autoimmune disorder, in which beta cells are destroyed, so insulin production decreases or stops
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM)
when insulin is produced but is not recognized by cells
A metabolic disease due to lack of insulin or the inability of cells to recognize insulin
Parathyroid Hormone Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
• deficiency of PTH
• due to surgical removal or injury to glands, which results in a decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
• excess of PTH
• perhaps due to parathyroid tumor, which results in an increase in blood calcium
Disorders of Adrenal Hormones
Addison disease: hyposecretion of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoids
Cushing syndrome: hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/ body cavity)
Hypothalamus
Function: controls the activity of the pituitary gland
Pineal Gland
Function: produces melatonin
Hormone secreted: melatonin
Function of hormone: the regulation of
circadian rhythms of the body
Target cells: the brain
Parathyroid Glands Hormones
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Function: PTH increases blood calcium, PTH also stimulates the kidneys to conserve calcium, PTH stimulates bone resorption, PTH causes activation of vitamin D by kidneys
Target cells: Thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland Hormones
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
Thyroxine (T4)
Heart
Hormone secretes: atrial natriuretic peptide
Function: affects sodium and water excretion by the kidneys
Target cells: Cardiac fibroblasts
Function of the Heart: regulate blood pressure
Thymus Gland
Hormone secreted: thymosins
Function of hormone: affects production and differentiation of T lymphocytes
Target cells: white blood cells
Function of Thymus: producing & maturing T lymphocytes
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
Hormones of the Adrenal Cortec
Cortisol
Function: regulates glucose metabolism
Target cells: tissues
Adrenal androgens
Function: stimulate early development of reproductive organs
Target cells: the gonads
Aldosterone
Function: helps regulate miineral/electrolyte balance
Target cells: Kidneys
Adrenal Medulla
Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
Function: responsible for "fight or flight" responses
Target cells: muscles & blood vessels
Norepinephrine
Function: responsible for "fight or flight" responses
Target cells: muscles & blood vessels
Stomach
Function of stomach: digesting food
Kidney
Function of Kidneys: remove waste and extra fluids from the body
Hormone secretes: erythropoietin
Function of hormone: blood cell production
Target cells: bone marrow
Pancreas Gland
Function of pancreas gland: breaking down digested food & breaking down sugar, fats, and starch
Hormones of the pancreas
Glucagon
Function of Glucagon: Raises blood sugar
Target cells: Liver
Insulin
Function of Insulin: Lowers blood sugar
Target cells: tissue, muscles, & liver
Reproductive Glands
Hormones of the Reproductive Glands
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Function in females: plays
a role in releasing an egg cell
Target cells: in females the ovaries, in males the testes
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Function in females: responsible for the
development of egg-containing :
Function in males: stimulates
production of sperm cells
Target cels: in females the ovaries, in males the testes
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone
(GH)
Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function: helps regulate the amount of water in your body
Target cells: tubular cells of kidneys
Oxytocin (OT)
Function: to help w/ childbirth
Target cells: uterine smooth muscle
Function: sends signals to different organs and glands throughout the body
Endocrine glands and their hormones regulate a number of
metabolic processes within cells, and the whole body