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LANGUAGE DIVERSITY AND CHANGE, waitressing, group project - Coggle Diagram
LANGUAGE DIVERSITY AND CHANGE
CHANGE
Descriptivist
Describe language change without judgment and keep track of change as it happens
David Crystal- 'All living language changes. people are changing all the time and their language changes too to keep up with them, the only languages that don't change are dead ones'
Attitudes towards
Donald Mackinnon
Correct or incorrect
Useful or useless
Suggests language can be seen as either
Pleasant or ugly
Jean Aichinson
Used metaphors to describe peoples views on language change
Damp spoon syndrome- change is caused by sloppiness or laziness
Crumbling castle- english language is a beautiful and honourable building which should be preserved in original glory
Infectious disease- suggests we catch language from those around us socially
Prescriptivist
Language should be preserved corrected and fixed
How does language change
Sources of change
Below
This means change comes from unconcious innovation from individuals which is diffused to the wider population
Historically change has been from below
Can be an accident or error which becomes widely spread
Above
Language change that is initiated by a socially dominant group
People are concious of the change
Imposing a 'correct' form of language on others
Factors
Internal
Occur within a speech community amongst speakers, the aim is to create more streamlined and efficient language if there is weakness
Ease of articulation- language can change because people aren't putting effort into their speech leading to assimilations and omissions
Spelling pronounciation- a speaker says a word how it is spelt instead of how it is meant to be pronounced, for example forehead is not meant to have the h pronounced, also often not meant to have the t
External
Increased globalisation
Technology progression
Changing social climate
Types of change
Semantic
Types of semantic change
This has loadssssssssss of stuf on it
link to wikisofia.cz
Grammatical
Modern prescriptivists are often referred to as grammar nazis, another term is a grammar pedant (pedantic being detail oreintated)
Slower than other change
Robert Lowth
A short introduction to English grammar 1762
His rules-
Dont split infinitives (she quickly ran)
Don't use thou anymore
Stop multiple negation- it's illogical
In the 18th and 19th century bad grammar became associated with lower social status
Lexical
the functional theory
clipping
compounding and blending
English as a lingua franca
Causes
Bing colonisers and replacing native languages with english
Political economic and social power
being the language of science business and airways
In the 17 and 16th centuries there was lots of exploration and travel leading to lots of loan words coming into english
Native language use
Spanish- 400 mil
English- 300 mil
Mandarin- 800 mil
Features of ELF
Contains local variations of english
Speakers of different languages use english to communicate
Used for functional and descriptive communication
Confusing who and which
Future of ELF
Uniformity- Number of languages in the world decreases as we move towards a standard global english
Bidialectalism- David Crystal proposes a mix of these two
Disintergration- An increased variety of seperate related englishes, original english becomes dead like latin
Standardistion
William Caxton
Meant that one form of language could travel all across the country instead of people only having linguistic influence from thier social group
Introducted the printing press in 1474 in Westminster, leading to the south east dialect becoming the new standard
How has it affected
Semantics- dictionaries fixed meaning for each word avoiding confusion
Grammar- Printing text and prescriptivism has made sure that grammar rules have widespread awareness and enforcement from pedants
Lexis- Prescriptivist attitudes have prevented some words from being used, descriptivists have been the cause of new words
Spelling- Dictionaries and printing allowed spellings to be in mass spread visible form and led to the idea of a correct version- before standardisation things wer spelt phonetically based on regional pronounciation
The establishment of a uniform 'acceptable' form of english
Books
dictionary by Samuel Johnson in 1775- wanted to stabilise the rules governing the english language. Not the first one but the first crucial and remarkable one
Oxford english dictionary in 1884
Jonathan Swift- a proposal for correcting improving and ascertaining the english tongue. Focused on tackling vagueness and unnecessary contractions
Haugen's stages 1966
Codification- establishment of norms, grammar structures and spellings
Elaboration- language is developed for a variety of purposes
Selection- the language variety to be made the standard is selected, it is usually prestigious
Implimentation- texts are made in the language to encourage use and pride in it
Stages
Old english
Modern english
Middle english
Very modern english
Why does english change
Movement of people
War
Education
Politics
Changing social atttudes
Technology change, computer mediated communication or CMC
DIVERSITY
ETHNICITY
class
link to web.stanford.edu
labov study
waitressing
blang
blong
bling
group project
communication
leadership
organisation