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07 Endocrine System Miranda Munoz P.2 - Coggle Diagram
07 Endocrine System Miranda Munoz P.2
Major Functions
maintains homeostasis
made up of cells, tissues, and endocrince glands
Hormones diffuse into bloodestream
secretion
Major Endocrine Glands and their Functions
Kidneys
- secretes erythropoitein for blood cell production
Heart-
secretes atrial natriuretic peptide, effect sodium, & water excretion by kidneys
Digestive Gland-
secrete hormones associated with small intestine for process of digestion
Reproductive Glands
- ovaries produce estrogen & progesterone; placenta produces estrogen, progesterone & gonadotropin; testes produce testosterone
Thymus Gland
- secretes thymosins; affects production of lymphocytes
Pineal Gland
: secretes melatonin; regulates circadian rthym; released at night
Pancreas
- secretes hormones as an endocrine gland and digestive juice
Insulin:
decrease blood level of glucose; stimulates liver to form glycogen; increase protein synthesis, stimulate andipose cells; controlled by negative feedback
Glucagon:
increases blood levels of glucose; controlled by negative feedback
Adrenal Glands
- sit on top of kidneys, consist of adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex
Adrenal Sex Hormones
: produced in inner zone (adrenal and androgens)
Cortisol:
regulates glucose metabolism, inhibits protein synthesis, controlled by negative feedback, increases use of fatty acids for energy
Aldosterone:
regulates mineral balance, kidneys conserve sodium and excrete potassium ion; responds to decreasing blood volume
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
: secreted into bloodstream; used during stress for "fight or flight" response; effects heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, dilate airways, decrease digestive activities
Pituitary Gland
-attatched to hypothalamus
Anterior:
Growth Hormone:
stimulates cells to reproduce
Proclactin:
promotes milk production,
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone:
controls secretion from thyroid gland, blood increases= secretion decreases
Andrenocortictropic Hormone:
controls secretion of adrenal cortex, regulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone
Gandotropins:
follicle collecting hormone & luteinizing hormone
Posterior
Antridurectic Hormone:
kidneys conserve water; reduces water in urine, hypothalamus regulates secretion of ADH, maintains blood pressure in conditions of hydration
Oxytocin:
force milk into glands, stimulated by breastfeeding; stretching of uterus= release of oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
- located by larnyx & consists of 2 lobes connected by isthmus
Thyroxine(T4) & Triidothyronine(T3:)
regulate metabolism of carbyhydrates, lipids, & proteins; idodine is needed
Calcitonin:
increases calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts; high calcium= secretion
Parathyroid Glands
- increase blood calcium, stimulates bone resorption, activates vitamin D by kidneys, negative feedback regulates PTH
Calcitonin: decreases blood when its too high
Disorders:
Hypoparathyroidism
= deficiency of PTH; decrease in blood calcium
Hyperparathyroidism
= excess PTH; increase in blood calcium
Steroid vs. Nonsteroid
Steroid:
pass through cell membrane; carried in bloodstream, protein receptors are located inside the target cell; hormone receptor complex binds with DNA to activate genes: transport/carry protein out
Nonsteroid:
combine with receptors in target cell membrane; receptors have binding site & activity site; hormone is called the first messenger; second messengers respond to binding of hormone; process of single transduction
Negative & Positive Feedback
Negative
control hormone release
when hormone levels rise further secretion is inhibited
hormone levels remain constant
when hormone levels drop, gland secretes more hormone
Positive
release & response of oxytocin
signals hormone to produce release more
Diseases
Addison Disease:
hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & mineralocortoids
Cushing Syndrome:
hypersecretion of adrenal cortical hormones
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:
insulin dependent autoimmune disorder; occurs when beta cells are destroyed & insulin production increases
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus:
non insulin-dependent; insulin is produced but not recognized