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Media Representation: - Coggle Diagram
Media Representation:
&Class
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Drama roles for WC most likely to be in soap operas whereas upper-class characters = historical roles
Neo-Marxist Glasgow University Media Group (1982) - media spreading view that WC = trouble to ensure dominance of cap ideology
Glennon & Butsch (1982):TV in US - 4% of sitcoms featured family where head of household = manual workers, IRL 36% - nearly 1/2 of families had professionals as head of family, 25% of families like this
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Newman (2006): media gives positive attention to things that only wealthy can afford e.g newspapers devote lots of space to reporting on stocks & shares, most of UK pop don't own any - media blames WC for poverty & unemployment, when poverty is discussed in media talks about stats instead of human suffering
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& Gender:
Crouteau & Hoynes (2000) - mid 90s (US): 6% top newspaper management + 20% top TV management = women
Naomi Wolf (1990) & Susan Orbach (1991): women in media represent ideal - rise in eating disorders direct result of this
Tuchman (1978): 2 roles of women - domestic & sexual, women's achivements presented less important than sex appeal - form of symbolic annihilation (Bourdieu) form of subtle violence which diregards legitimacy of identity
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Binary Opposition
Media sterotypes of gender often influenced by binary opposition - looking at world in terms of pairs of opposites
Levi-Strauss (1963): often 1/2 of binary opposite pair represented more positively e.g men.
Media uses binary opposite pairs in rep of gender - women as housewives & men as breadwinners
BO includes idea of 'the other' - dominant 1/2 of binary pair seen as normal, other 1/2 seen more negaitvely as 'the other'
Westwood (1999): some femal characters that don't conform to gender roles e.g wonder woman - these characters seen as transgressive, as go beyond stereotypical representations of women
& LGBTQ+
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Batchelor (2004): media reps of homosexuality often present as embarassing problem + lesbians often completly ignored by media aimed at young people
Craig (1992): gay men often stereotyped as camp, macho or deviant - camp gay characters often used a comic relief - lots of gay characters characterised by struggling with their sexuality
Gauntlett (2008): things = improving, people are more accepting of wide range of sexual identites
Positve reps of sexuality in media are increasing - this will lead to more acceptance
& Disability
Under-represented
Cumberbatch (2014): studied most pop British factual drama + entertainment TV - UK gov stats: 19% of UK pop are disabled - far lower proportion in speaking roles - slightly more in fictional TV
poorly repd in power positions in the media - if hold power positions they often are tied to disablity e.g Peter White is blind and hosts radio show about disability
Cumberbatch & Negrine (1992): British TV - found roles for disabled people based on pity & comedy - never appeared as actors who just happened to have disability
Audience response depends on real experience with disability - people without real experience accepted media's stereotype - people with real experience = critical of media's stereotyped images
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are more positive reps - Rose Ailing-Ellis won Strictly - she called for BSL to become an official language - the gov said they would back the bill to make it an official language in England
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