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Theme D - Religion, Peace and Conflict - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Instability - social, environmental, political, economic
      - Death, injury, chaos, destruction
  - - - Fighting for a good purpose e.g. against discrimination, most social causes/environmental
        
        E.g. the American civil war, north against south, north trying to end slavery - they eventually won
        
        E.g. Indian Independence movement
      - Helping allies
        
        E.g. America after bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki helped to rebuild Japan but to gain them as an ally for the Cold War.
      - Way of proving your duty to your country
      - Way of strong expression of beliefs
    - - Takes a very long time and is a constant back and forth interaction
      - Causes huge instability during and in the aftermath of the war
      - Propaganda encourages fake news
      - Promotes glorified perspective of war
      - Causes permanent mental and physical damage - soldiers PTSD
      - Innocent people die
      - Hits those most disadvantaged in society
        
        Social divide
- - - - Colonisation of India by British Empire
        
        People justified it by saying it was “civilising the people” + “teaching them appropriate ways of living through Christianity”
        
        Wanted to introduce teachings of Christianity to other people
        
        However by doing this they are disregarding another culture + religion by claiming their own is better - elitist
      - Colonisation of Africa
      - US vs Iraq War
      - Muslim Empire
  - - - 2003 invasion of Iraq (government believed Iraq had WMDs that could be used against them)
      - UK’s part in WW1 (Hitler= threat to public safety)
      - Muhammad led Muslim soldiers into battle to protect people
      - Hindus of the Kshatriya warrior class - duty to fight and protect others if no other course of action was available
      - Hindus believe if someone becomes violent, ahimsa no longer applies to them - self defence is acceptable
      - Jesus did not justify violence in any circumstances - pacifist
  - - - Conflict in Iraq - retaliation attacks on the World Trade Centre
    - - However most believe retaliation is wrong - Jesus thought that you should not take revenge
        
        “Turn the other cheek”
- - - - personal battle that every Muslim has with themselves
      - personal struggle/strive to live properly, overcome obstacles, temptation and to live the life of a good Muslim
    - - outward struggle/ striving
      - on occasion it may be necessary to fight against evil in the world - taking military action to bring about a just society = lesser jihad
      - Muslims have rules about how wars should be conducted
      - The Qur'an and teachings of Muhammad tell Muslims that if all criteria of a lesser jihad are fulfilled then it is their religious duty to fight
      - any Muslim killed whilst fighting in a lesser Jihad is a martyr and will go straight to paradise
      - Holy war is not a term used in the Qur'an
      - justifications/conditions
        
        the opponent must always have started the fighting
        
        it must not be fought to gain territory
        
        every other way of solving the problem must be tried before resorting to war
        
        innocent people should not be killed
        
        the war must stop as soon as the enemy asks for peace
        
        chemical/biological warfare is forbidden
        
        strengthening islam
        
        self defence
        
        protecting the freedom of Muslims to practise their faith
        
        protecting Muslims against Oppression, which could include overthrowing a tyrannical ruler
        
        punishing an enemy who breaks an oath
        
        putting right a wrong
      - what lesser jihad is not
        
        forcing people to convert to Islam
        
        conquer other nations to colonise them
        
        take territory for economic gain
        
        settle disputes
        
        demonstrate a leader's power
      - who is allowed to fight?
        
        some muslim men, not boys, whose families can cope w/o them
        
        soldiers on battlefield must fight - running away is wrong
        
        if a town is attacked everyone must fight back - not women and children
        
        if a leader declares war, Muslims have a duty to join an army +fight
        
        Muhammad said one man from each 2 must fight so one can protect the town
    - - "there should be no compulsion in religion"
      - "Paradise is for those who curb their anger and forgive their fellow man"
      - "fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but begin not hostilities"
      - "anyone who fights in God's way, whether killed or victorious, we shall give a great reward"
      - "therefore if they withdraw from you but fight you not, and (instead) send you (guarantees of) peace, then Allah hath opened no way for you (to war against them)"
- - - - "[religion] is one of the few things that's really strong enough to motivate people to do these terrible things" Richard Dawkins
      - prevents progress and restricts education access
      - "religion unfortunately provides a useful cover and a powerful motivator for the evil hearted" Woodcock
      - "without religion you have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, it takes religion" Stephen Weinberg
      - 'religious wars' recently have been about territory and material rather than theology.
        
        Roman Empire political aspirations of pope rather than quarrels of Protestants and catholics
        
        not primary motives to war - afterthoughts/ pretexts/ self deluding rationalisations
        
        e.g. Muslim+christian war in Middle East over past thousand years has been about imperial ambition rather than spiritual salvation
    - - The encyclopaedia of wars, chronicles 1763 wars in history names just 123 as 'religious in nature' - a little under 7%
        
        most common motivation: opposition to a gov, to economic, ideological, political or social systems of a state
      - all major religions have an element of 'treat others as you want to be treated' - non violence
      - western societies misunderstand eastern culture where often religion cannot be separated from politics. So, often 'religious conflict' is political.
      - state imposed atheism can cause wars
      - most secular countries in the world are not the most peaceful - North Korea
      - religion can do good e.g. islamic aid, Khalsa aid, pax christi
- - - - "one person's terrorist is another person's freedom fighter and deciding on justice is not easy" Vardy
      - "War is permissible only to confront a real and certain danger" Catholic Bishops of America 1983
      - war must be fought for a just cause. e.g. resisting aggression, self defence/ fighting to remove injustice
    - - war can only be declared by a gov, ruler of UN, never by private citizen/incomplete gov
    - - war must be fought to bring about good
      - can be fought to restore peace, prevent suffering+evil.
      - once the end has been achieved, fighting must stop
    - - all peaceful attempts must be exhausted before violence
    - - no country can go to war if they stand no change of winning
      - prevents lives being lost unnecessarily
    - - only necessary force should be used to achieve the aim
      - e.g. unjustified to use nuclear weapons against small country over boundary dispute
      - prevents countries from taking the opportunity to completely annihilate one another
      - "the very fact that innocents may be killed in a conflict can infringe the rules of proportionality and discrimination"
    - - hospitals, schools, homes, civilians not attacked
- - - - Hyde Park,, April 24th
      - protesting covid restrictions
      - bottles hurled at police, 8 officers injured, 5 people arrested
      - property damage
      - risk to public due to lack of masks/social distancing
    - - march in response to police shooting of a local man turned to violence and looting
      - 186 police officers, 16 members of public, 5 police dogs injured. 5 people killed
      - 2815 homes and businesses damaged
      - over 3000 arrests
    - - students protesting law that stated they had to be taught in their oppressors' language
      - turned violent but was a turning point in helping apartheid end
      - some protests are for future generations to benefit from by helping an immediate issue
    - - fans protesting against owners of club
      - Sarah Everard's protests didn't get attention even when they were at the same time as they weren't violent
      - violent protests get more attention?
        
        suffragettes vs suffragists
      - unnecessary? only football - there are bigger issues
      - big demographic of people supporting
- - - - help wounded veterans overcome daily battles+thrive
      - charity, partially gov funded
      - rehabilitation e.g. training for jobs
  - - - created in response to famine in Africa
      - helps all around the world
      - current projects e.g. hunger no more, clean water for life
    - - believe in power of prayer, reconciliation, forgiveness, justice+nonviolence
      - work within Church and wider society to bring about a culture of peace
      - work based on gospel, inspired by faith
      - international catholic movement for peace
    - - "everyone is equal in the sight of God"
      - started in 1945 to help refugees at the end of ww2 + to eradicate poverty
      - follow teachings of Jesus "love thy neighbour"
      - get people access to healthcare, education, get fair prices for their produce