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Endocrine System, Nicole Greet, Per.1 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System, Nicole Greet, Per.1
Major Functions
Metabolism to break down food, growth and development (bone growth), fertility and sexual function, Sleep and wake times, maintaining blood pressure, and to help the body maintain homeostasis by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
steroid vs. non-steroid hormones
steroid hormones interact with the target cell differently than the non steroid hormones. Steroid hormones ignore the intracellular receptor and go into the cell directly. While Non-steroid hormones go to the target cells receptor to interact with it.
Non-steroid Hormones: Melatonin, PTH, thymosin, glucagon, insulin, calcitonin, TH, catecholamines
Steroid Hormones: estrogen, testosterone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids,
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions
Body (trunk)
Adrenal Gland
Mineralocorticoids: Target kidneys and regulates electrolyte concentrations
Glucocorticoids: Targets body cells and keep blood glucose levels consistent
Gonadocorticoids: Targets the pubic area and contributes to secondary sex characteristics
Catecholamines: Target the nervous system and is responsible for the fight and flight response
Pancreas
Glucagon: Targets the liver and is released to raise blood sugar levels in the bloodstream
Insulin: Targets the whole body and is released to lower blood sugar levels when they're too high
Thyroid gland
Secretes Calcitonin which is a response to high Ca2+ levels and thyroid hormone which targets the whole body.
Thymus
Thymosin: Targets white blood cells to help the immune system
Parathyroid gland
PTH: Targets skeleton, kidney, and intestines to increase Ca2+ levels
Reproductive
Ovary
Estrogen: Targets female reproductive organs to maturation of female reproductive organs
Testis
Testosterone: targets male reproductive organs to initiate maturation of male reproductive organs
Brain
Pituitary gland
Secretes hormones into bloodstream
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin which lets the body know when it is time to sleep. The target organ is the brain.
Diseases
Diabetes mellitus can be due to hyposecretion of insulin (type 1) or hypoactivity of insulin (type 2). Three signs for this are polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
Hyperinsulinism is an excessive insulin secretion. This causes low blood glucose levels. Its symptoms are anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, even death. The treatment is sugar ingestion
Addison's disease is a decrease in plasma glucose and Na+ levels. This causes weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension. The treatment is corticosteroid replacement therapy
Cushing's disease is caused by: tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, pancreas, or adrenal cortex. This inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function. The treatment is to remove the tumor
Diabetes insipidus is ADH deficiency because of damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
Graves disease: elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight less despite adequate food
Hypersecretion of GH results in gigantism in children (can reach heights of 8 feet) and acromegaly in adults (overgrowth of hands, feet, and face)
Hyposecretion of TH leads to myxedema. Symptoms: low metabolic rate, think and/or dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling chilled constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy
Hyposecretion of GH results in pituitary dwarfism in children (can reach height of only 4 feet)
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation
Positive Feedback: When the body releases a lot of a certain hormone to regulate levels or functions. For example oxytocin is a hormonal trigger for milk ejection.
Negative Feedback: When the body releases something that stops a production. For example: Insulin is released in the body to lower blood sugar levels in the bloodstream when they're too high.