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Justin Cabrera P.6 Endocrine system - Coggle Diagram
Justin Cabrera P.6
Endocrine system
Major functions of the endocrine system
Over view
Slower responses; longer lasting effects than nervous system
Controls and regulates
Maintenance of electrolyte, water, & nutrient balance of blood
Cellular metabolism & energy balance
Growth & development
Mobilization of body defenses
Reproduction
Impacts metabolic activities through use of hormones
Along with the nervous system it will coordinate and integrate activity of body cells
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation
Hormone release triggered by:
Endocrine gland stimuli
Neural stimuli: nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Hormonal stimuli: hormones stimulate other endocrine organs
Humoral stimuli: Changes in blood levels of ions & nutrients
Nervous system modulation
Nervous systems can make adjustments to hormone levels when needed
Can modify/inhibit stimulation of endocrine glands
Nervous system can override actions of endocrine system
Positive feedback
Oxytocin
ADH
Blood levels of hormones
Controlled by negative feedback loop
Steroid vs. non-steroid hormones
Amino acid–based hormones
Characteristics
Water soluble
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, & proteins
Steroids
Characteristics
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones
Lipid soluble
Synthesized from cholesterol
Major endocrine glands/organs and their functions
Organs
Hypothalamus
Stimulates the pituitary gland(s)
Pancreas
Controls blood sugar and aids with food digestion
Gonads & Placenta
Produce same steroid sex hormones as those of the adrenal cortex, just in lesser quantities
Glands
Parathyroid
Regulation of calcium levels within the blood
Adrenal
Adrenal Medulla
Regulates electrolyte/salt concentration, sugar balance, and sex functions
Adrenal Cortex
Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system ("fight or flight")
Thyroid
Administration and regulation of metabolism
pineal glands
Controls circadian rhythm; timing of sexual maturity/puberty; physiological processes that show rhythmic variations like body temp, sleep, appetite
Pituitary
"Master Gland"; secretes at least eight (8) major hormones
Miscellaneous hormone producers
Thymus
Immune response
Adipose cells
Appetite control; energy expenditure and cost
Kidneys
Signals production of red blood cells (erythrocytes)
Cells in walls of small intestine & Stomach
Stimulation of pancreas and liver
Heart
Lowers blood sodium concentrations--including blood pressure and blood volume
Diseases associated with the endocrine system
Growth Hormone
Hypersecretion of GH
In adults, results in acromegaly, or the overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
In children, results in gigantism, can reach 8'
Hyposecretion of GH
In children, results in pituitary dwarfism, can reach 4'
In adults, usually no problems occur
Thyroid Gland
Hyposecretion of Th
Myxedema
Symptoms: low metabolic rate, thick and or/ dry skin, puffy eyes, chilled feelings, constipation, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy
Lack of iodine could lead to a goiter developing
Hypothyroidism
Usually caused by poor development of thyroid gland
Hypersecretion of TH
Graves Disease
Autoimmune Disease: the body makes abnormal antibodies directed thyroid follicular cells; antibodies mimic TSH, stimulating the release of TH
Symptoms: elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite supple food
Exophthalmos: protrusion of eyes as tissues behind them become edematous and fibrous
Diabetes Insipidus
Rick of dehydrating; must stay well hydrated
Pee a lot?
ADH deficiency due to damage to either the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland
Pancreas
Hyperinsulism
Symptoms: Anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, even death
Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
Hyposecretion of Insulin: Type 1
When sugars cannot be used as fuel, as in DM, fats are used
Hypersecretion of Insulin: Type 2
Lipidemia
High levels of fatty acids in blood
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex
Addison's Disease
Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension
Early sign is bronzing of the skin due to high levels of ACTH which triggers melanin production in melanocytes
Cushing's Syndrome/Disease
Depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
Hormones produced, effects, & Target organs
Endocrine (+Exocrine) Organs/Glands
Gonads
Testis
Testorone
Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs; causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive; necessary for sperm production; maintains reproductive organs in functional state
Ovaries
Estrogen
Maturation of reproductive organs; appearance of secondary sexual characteristics; breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
Progesterone
Maintenance of pregnancy; prepares the body for conception and regulates monthly menstrual cycle
Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Oxtocin
Strong stimulant of uterine contractions released during childbirth; also acts as a hormonal trigger for milk ejection; both are positive feedback mechanisms; acts as a neurotransmitter in brain
Antidiuretic Hormone
Targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation; release is also triggered by pain, low blood pressure, and drugs
Inhibited by alcohol diuretics; high concentration causes vasoconstriction (vasopressin)
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Promotes production of gonadal hormones
In females, LH helps mature follicles of eggs, triggers ovulation, and release of estrogen and progesterone
In males, LH stimulates production of testosterone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
Growth Hormone (GH)
Has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Stimulates production of gametes (egg/sperm)
Prolactin (PL)
Stimulates milk production in females
Parathyroid Gland
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release calcium into the blood; enhances reabsorption of calcium and secretion of phoshate by kidneys
Targets skeleton, kidneys, and intestines
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine
Mobilizes the body; targets skeletal muscles and heart
Norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex
Corticosteroids
Gonadocorticoids
Onset of puberty and appearance of secondary sex characteristics; sex drive in women; source of estrogen in postmenopausal women
Mineralcorticoids
Regulates electrolyte concentrations
Glucocorticoids
Influences metabolism of cells and resists stressors, maintains blood glucose levels and blood pressure
Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Signals production of red blood cells
Thymus
Thymopoietin
Target t-lymphocytes in blood; immune response
Thymulin
Thymosin
Skeleton
Osteoblasts in bone secrete osteocalcin
Pancreas
Glucagon
Liver, muscles, and fats--increases blood glucose levels
Insulin
Muscle, fat, and liver--lowers blood glucose levels
Heart
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Decreases blood sodium concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume
Thyroid Gland
Calcitonin
Inhibits osteoclast activity and prevents release of Ca2+ from bone matrix
Stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix
Thyroid Hormone (TH)
Body's major metabolic hormone--affecting practically every cell in the body; increases basal metabolic rate and heat production; regulates tissue growth and development; maintains blood pressure
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
Affects various tissues in CNS; timing of sexual maturation, circadian rhythm
Adipose Tissues
Leptin
Appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
Resistiin
Insulin antagonist
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
Enteroendocrine cells secrete
Gastrin
Stimulates release of HCI
Secretin
Stimulates liver and pancreas
Placenta
Estrogen
Maturation of reproductive organs; appearance of secondary sexual characteristics; breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
Progesterone
Maintenance of pregnancy; prepares the body for conception and regulates monthly menstrual cycle
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)